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“SMALL IONS consist of clusters of water molecules collected around a singly charged ion. They have a lifetime of the order of a hundred seconds. Clusters such as H3O+(H2O)n, H+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)n and NO2+(H2O)n are common for the positive ions and O2-(H2O)n, CO4-(H2O)n, NO-(H2O)n or NO2-(H2O)n for the negative ions. The chemical difference between the species in the positive and negative ions leads to some physical asymmetries in the ion properties, with the negative ions more mobile.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

CLOUD SCALES. “Cloud active aerosols, i.e., cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN), can modify cloud microstructure, precipitation forming processes, and the meteorological and radiative responses of clouds and the atmosphere. These effects impact both the atmospheric circulation systems and the thermodynamic and radiative energy budgets over a cascade of scales from local to global.” https://lnkd.in/dR5c8TB View in LinkedIn

AEROSOLS. “The emerging picture is of aerosols strongly regulating the cloud cover and depth by suppressing rainout and its dynamical feedbacks, which are potent mechanisms for dissipating clouds of all depths.” https://lnkd.in/dCrqT-h View in LinkedIn

Quite the pigeon nest in the making at the Great Gate of Girona. View in LinkedIn

SEA CLOUDS. “With cycles of condensation, charging at cloud top, partial evaporation during mixing, electroscavenging and further evaporation, the tendency is for the electroscavenging to increase the salt content of the larger droplets (which as we have seen electroscavenge at faster rates) so that on evaporation of these droplets they leave even larger salt crystals than they started with.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

REDUCED MIDFACE. “The external appearance of the nasal region in anthropoids, combined with some genetic evidence, has been used to argue that the olfactory sense is particularly reduced in anthropoids compared to other mammals, including lemurs and lorises. Striking external characteristics of the midface in anthropoids and tarsiers, such as the continuity of the upper lip and loss of the rhinarium, are critical traits used to unite the clade Haplorhini (monkeys, apes, humans, and tarsiers).” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL REMNANT. “The vomeronasal system of humans and other catarrhine primates appears to qualify as a “chronological” vestige, one which fulfills part of its function during ontogeny, and then becomes lost or vestigial.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23035/full View in LinkedIn

THE SHORT SNOUTS. “Humans and most of our closest extant relatives, the anthropoids, are notable for their reduced “snout.” The striking reduction in facial projection is only a superficial similarity. All anthropoids, including those with long faces (e.g., baboons), have lost numerous internal projections (turbinals) and spaces (recesses). In sum, this equates to the loss of certain regions of olfactory mucosa in anthropoids.” https://lnkd.in/dgtqkTi View in LinkedIn

DRY NOSES TRAITS. “The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain to body ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys).” https://lnkd.in/dReYf85 View in LinkedIn

DRY NOSES. “Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the "dry-nosed" primates, the Greek name means "simple-nosed") is a clade containing the tarsiers and the simians (or anthropoids).” https://lnkd.in/dReYf85 View in LinkedIn