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A TRULY REMARKABLE REVIEW of space weather by Tuija Pulkkinen, at the Finnish Meteorological Institute, will unapologetically form the guts of the introduction to space weather. Space weather is different, dynamic, powerful, and controls terrestrial weather to a large degree. It is not separate. There is a fantastic real time space weather app listed in the reference below. Log in, engage, inform yourself. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/ View in LinkedIn

MUCH STILL UNKNOWN. “While the modern space era with detailed in-situ and remote sensing measurements in and from space have resolved many issues concerning the behavior of the Sun, the solar wind, and the terrestrial space environment, many of the basic physics questions concerning the Sun-Earth connection remain open.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

BIG STEP FORWARD. “The geomagnetic activity connection to solar processes was established by mid-nineteenth century: Solar flare correlation with active, bright auroras and geomagnetic disturbances was found by Carrington in 1860, and long-term observations showed 11-year variability both in sunspot numbers and occurrence frequency of magnetic disturbances and auroras.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

NEXT OBSERVATIONS. “Anders Celcius and Olav Hiorter in 1747 discovered the temporal coincidence between compass needle variations and bright auroral displays. Comparing simultaneous magnetic variations in London and in Uppsala they further realized that the phenomena they were studying were related to processes in the planetary scale.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

KNOWLEDGE BEGAN 300 YEARS AGO. “The first steps of Sun-Earth connection science were made by Edmund Halley, who following the spectacular auroral displays in Europe in March 1716, suggested that particles moving along the Earth’s magnetic field lines were the cause of the aurora.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“THE SOLAR WIND travel time from the Sun to the Earth is of the order of 80 hours, while solar wind monitors at the first Lagrangian point (L1), 1.4 million km from the Earth, provide measurements of the incoming solar wind that reaches the outer edges of the magnetosphere within about 40 minutes to 1 hour of their detection.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn