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“SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES affect the space environment in multiple ways. In the outer magnetosphere (especially near the geostationary region), their presence is a hazard for the satellite systems and instrumentation. If they become trapped in the inner magnetosphere dipolar field, they populate the van Allen belts, residing in the magnetosphere for extended periods.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR CYCLES. “The irradiance exhibits both long-term (solar cycle) variations as well as shorter term changes related to active solar events, both of which can be monitored using the F10.7 radio flux as a proxy.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR HEAT. “This most familiar form of the Sun’s influence on the Earth is a factor also for space weather: Increases of the solar irradiance cause heating of the upper atmosphere, which affects the drag experienced by low-Earth-orbiting satellites.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ELECTROMAG RADIATION. “In addition to the interaction with the solar wind, the Sun affects the Earth’s environment also through electromagnetic radiation that reaches the Earth much faster than the solar wind flow.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PRESSURE WAVES. “Interplanetary shocks when interacting with the Earth’s bow shock cause direct energy transfer into the magnetosphere. The ram pressure pulse associated with the shock compresses the dayside magnetopause, and the compression effects travel tailward at the solar wind speed causing strong auroral activity observable almost instantaneously all around the auroral oval.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PERIODICITY. “The CIRs seldom have fast shocks or continuous, strongly southward IMF Bz, and thus drive only moderate magnetospheric activity. CIRs, being associated with the coronal hole structure, also exhibit 27-day periodicity.” (CIR = corotating interaction regions); (IMF= interplanetary magnetic field). https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“MERCURY has a small intrinsic field but no atmosphere, there the solar wind interacts directly with the surface and exosphere.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

VENUS AND MARS. “On the other hand, the inner solar system, Earth-like planets Venus and Mars possess no intrinsic magnetic field, and the magnetosphere is then mostly formed by interaction of the atmosphere and ionosphere with the solar wind flow.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn