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TWO LOGICAL EXPLANATIONS. “The presence of the wild land and marine bacteria DNA on the ISS suggests their possible transfer from the stratosphere into the ionosphere with the ascending branch of the global electric circuit. Alternatively, the wild land and marine bacteria as well as the ISS bacteria may all have an ultimate space origin.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

DIVERSE POPULATIONS. “At the boundary “glass-frame” we discovered DNA of Mycobacteria sp. also attendant to bacterial plankton.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

CONSISTENT FINDINGS. “It is very important that the DNA of the same microorganisms (Delftia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Archaebacteria) was repeatedly found at different sites of the station in different years.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS REPEAT EXPERIMENTS. “Due to the importance of the results showing the presence of wild bacterial DNA in cosmic dust, we repeated the collection of cosmic dust on the ISS surface many times during several years (2013–2016). During the experiments in open space during 2013–2016, more than ten probes of cosmic dust were collected. “ https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

CORRECT CONTAMINATION CONTROLS. “The composition of DNA of detected biomaterial excludes single accidental contamination of terrestrial origin. Furthermore, sampling and processing procedures that were used reduced the likelihood of contamination to a minimum. The absence of contamination is supported by clean negative controls, which are very important when using molecular techniques.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

TRANSPORT MECHANISM. “The discovery in the present study of the DNA of the marine and terrestrial bacteria on the surface of the ISS requires an explanation of the transport mechanisms allowing living matter to reach a height of more than 400 km.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

SECOND HYPOTHESIS. “In this paper samples of space dust from the exterior surface of the ISS were subjected to PCR analysis followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results obtained indicate the possibility of a mass transfer of the sea bacterial plankton (or its fragments) to the ISS orbit. Alternatively, the transfer of biological material from space to ISS and thence to the ground may be supposed.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

STRIPE AND TRIANGLE MOTIFS. “Fig. 6 shows the distributions of stripes and triangles in this group and the maximum-likelihood assignment of ancestral states. The presence and absence of stripes, in particular, is scattered throughout the phylogeny, indicating that they are evolutionarily labile, although triangle presence/absence shows some correlation with large clades.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

INHERITABILITY. “Phenotypic traits like body size and shape typically exhibit a substantial degree of “phylogenetic signal,” meaning that they are inherited, and the phenotypes of closely related species are strongly correlated.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

PROBABILITY CURVES. “By using a Brownian motion model for the evolution of continuous traits, the maximum-likelihood value was estimated for each neural network parameter at each node. The neural network model was used to produce the shells using the estimated parameters for each node. Color is not part of the neural network model, so it was added independently to the models of living shells, and then mapped onto the phylogeny (using maximum likelihood) as a binary trait (black/white or brown/white).” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn