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SECOND HYPOTHESIS. “In this paper samples of space dust from the exterior surface of the ISS were subjected to PCR analysis followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results obtained indicate the possibility of a mass transfer of the sea bacterial plankton (or its fragments) to the ISS orbit. Alternatively, the transfer of biological material from space to ISS and thence to the ground may be supposed.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

STRIPE AND TRIANGLE MOTIFS. “Fig. 6 shows the distributions of stripes and triangles in this group and the maximum-likelihood assignment of ancestral states. The presence and absence of stripes, in particular, is scattered throughout the phylogeny, indicating that they are evolutionarily labile, although triangle presence/absence shows some correlation with large clades.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

INHERITABILITY. “Phenotypic traits like body size and shape typically exhibit a substantial degree of “phylogenetic signal,” meaning that they are inherited, and the phenotypes of closely related species are strongly correlated.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

PROBABILITY CURVES. “By using a Brownian motion model for the evolution of continuous traits, the maximum-likelihood value was estimated for each neural network parameter at each node. The neural network model was used to produce the shells using the estimated parameters for each node. Color is not part of the neural network model, so it was added independently to the models of living shells, and then mapped onto the phylogeny (using maximum likelihood) as a binary trait (black/white or brown/white).” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER MODEL. “Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood estimates of ancestral shell patterns. Shells of living species are displayed at the tips; to the right of these are shells “grown” in the computer by using the neural-network model and the fitted parameters. https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE OF PATTERN MEMORY. “Morphogen models described by diffusion-reaction dynamics unfold with no “memory” of the system state other than the current state. The neural model, however, is a sensory feedback system in which the current secretion depends on sensing the history of the pattern before the current state.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

BIFURCATION BOUNDARIES. “This limitation does not apply to pigmentation patterns. Although the same averaging procedure is being used on each parameter of the neural-network model, it is possible, and even likely, that a set of estimated parameters will be in a region of parameter space not inhabited by any living species.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

BINARY OUTCOMES. “The role of bifurcation boundaries in evolution was recognized in earlier studies of limb morphogenesis. This feature of our results is quite different from what is usually found when inferring ancestral states of continuously variable characters. A well known limitation of methods for estimating ancestral states is that it is impossible for estimates to fall outside the range of the living species analyzed.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

STEPWISE PATTERNINGS. “The patterns generated by the neural-network model are not necessarily smooth functions of the parameter values. Instead, they can vary discontinuously when parameter values move into a different bifurcation region that produces qualitatively different patterns.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn

DISCONNECT OVER GENERATIONS. “A unique feature of our results is that the inferred pigmentation patterns of ancestors may be quite different from the patterns of their descendants.” https://lnkd.in/dwfZQzE View in LinkedIn