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THE OPTIONS DIAGRAM. “Figure 5. Possible ways of intact DNA (bacterial forms) transfer to the orbit of the ISS and from ISS surface. Kinetic constants of different transfer pathways of microorganisms are indicated as follows: hypothetic Arrhenius’ way from the interplanetary space: possible mass transfer of the dispersed matter from the Earth surface to the ISS orbit with the ascending branch of the global electric circuit: possible contamination way from ISS internal volume to ISS surface, and : dissipation of the dust from the ISS surface to space.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

THE OPTIONS. “It is clear that there are different possible ways of dust transport to (and from) ISS not excluding the possibility of interstellar or interplanetary panspermia (Figure 5).” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

UPWARD MECHANISM HYPOTHESIS. “Transfer from the stratosphere to the ionosphere might be possible with the ascending branch of the global electrical circuit due to a variety of coupled mechanisms of turbulent electrothermodiffusion accompanied by mass transfer of dispersible material although these processes need further exploration.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN BIOSPHERE BOUNDARY. “The result of this transfer is a steady presence of a microbial community in the stratosphere (Table 2, line 2), thus raising the question of the upper boundary of the biosphere.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

INTACT LICHEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS. “In addition, when photosynthesis was specifically studied, activity was demonstrated post-exposure with high viability of algal cells and low rates of impairment. However, a strong impairment of both photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms was observed when isolated alga were irradiated emphasizing the importance of the protection afforded within the lichen symbiosis resulting from morphological adaptation, the presence of lichen compounds, and the ability of lichens to survive desiccation.” https://lnkd.in/dnvYcSS View in LinkedIn

LONG TERM LICHEN SURVIVAL. “Lichens in space are exposed to the combined effects of insolation, UV irradiation, cosmic radiation, extremely low temperatures, and a vacuum. Hence, after long-term exposure of 559 days to these conditions, Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. showed considerable resistance with post-exposure activity 50–80% that of previous values in the alga and 60–90% in the fungus. Growth and proliferation of isolated algal cells were also demonstrated after exposure.” https://lnkd.in/dnvYcSS View in LinkedIn

THE QUESTION. “The presence of DNA of wild land and marine bacterial genera on the ISS indicates their possible transfer from the stratosphere into the ionosphere with the ascending branch of the global electric circuit, alternatively to their entry into the Earth’s environs from space.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

BEASTIES DETECTED. “We detected the DNA of bacteria of the genus Mycobacteria and extreme bacteria of the genus Delftia (family Comamonadaceae, order Burkholderiales) in the samples of cosmic dust. It was shown that the DNA sequence of one of the bacteria of the genus Mycobacteria was genetically similar to that previously observed in the sea surface microlayer at the Barents and Kara seas’ coastal zones.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

THE NUT OF THE PROBLEM. “However the transport of such material above 30 km is not well documented. If there can be a migration or diffusion of bacterial particles above 30 km, this supports a hypothesis in which living matter is not required to be brought in with meteoritic or cometary material to the Earth but, on the contrary, is dissipated from the Earth biosphere into interplanetary space. The data also supports the possibility of microorganisms coming to the Earth from outside the Earth.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn