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RISK MANAGEMENT. “In practice, this problem is dealt with by limiting the number of transpolar flights the crewmembers can take in a given time period.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

AIRPLANE EXPOSURES. “Furthermore, as the atmospheric shielding is significantly reduced above 10 km altitude, aircraft crews and passengers on transpolar routes are subjected to increased radiation doses from the energetic particles.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

RISKS. “However, astronauts in orbit are relatively unprotected especially during the high-latitude parts of the spacecraft orbit. For example, the International Space Station reaches latitudes above 50°, which is sufficiently high to increase the health risks especially during extra-vehicular operations.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

EARTH’S BUFFER. “The atmosphere effectively shields the Earth from high-energy particles such that only the highest-energy particles can gain access to the lower layers of the atmosphere, and only in the polar regions where the geomagnetic field is weakest.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES. “Besides being a threat to technological systems, energetic particles pose a hazard to astronauts on space missions.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

RF SIGNALS. “The ionosphere is heavily utilized as a transmitter of radio-frequency communication signals. As every radio amateur knows, the radio wave communication is significantly influenced by the ionospheric properties and especially the auroral currents.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SATNAV SIGNALS. “As the signals propagate through the ionosphere, they are refracted and slowed especially when they traverse regions of intense auroral currents. In addition, ionospheric scintillations can cause loss of signal lock and thereby lose the positioning capability.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SATNAV. “Satellite navigation systems such as the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) or the European Galileo operate by transmitting radio waves from the spacecraft to ground-based receivers. Signals from several satellites are then used to calculate the observing position to high accuracy.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR PARTICLE RADIATION. “As the fluxes of energetic particles are strongly modulated by the solar activity, these problems are largest during sunspot maxima.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn