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TELECOM OUTAGES. “Telecommunication devices may experience overvoltages. As optical fibre cables do not carry induced currents, space weather risks on telecommunication equipment are probably smaller today than they were earlier. However, metal wires are still used in parallel with optical cables for the power to repeat stations.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

CRITICAL VARIABLE. “However, the effects in the near-Earth environment critically depend on the polarity of the magnetic cloud, i.e., whether the magnetic field rotates from north to south or vice versa.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

WARNING SYSTEM. “Coronal mass ejection occurrence is routinely recorded and their travel direction determined from solar coronagraph data. Space weather warnings are given for those ICME events that propagate in a direction that probably will lead to encounter with the Earth’s space environment.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

EARLY WARNINGS. “Prediction schemes have been developed based on a combination of earlier values of radiation belt fluxes, and past and present solar wind parameters. When these conditions are compared against a database of earlier driver-effect events, the closest comparison event can be used as a forecast of what lies 24–48 hours ahead.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

OBSERVABILITY. “Thus, it is possible to use the gross behavior of the outer zone electron population on day timescales using a single or a few satellites only.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC DRIVERS. “Electron radiation belt climatology has shown that the entire outer radiation zone tends to vary in a relatively coherent way under the influence of major external drivers (high-speed solar wind streams, CMEs, magnetic clouds).” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

FAILURE OF REDUCTIONISM. “We argue here for the recognition of functional ‘modules’ as a critical level of biological organization. Modules are composed of many types of molecule. They have discrete functions that arise from interactions among their components (proteins, DNA, RNA and small molecules), but these functions cannot easily be predicted by studying the properties of the isolated components.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATIVE EFFECTS. “Most biological functions arise from interactions among many components. For example, in the signal transduction system in yeast that converts the detection of a pheromone into the act of mating, there is no single protein responsible for amplifying the input signal provided by the pheromone molecule.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

BYZANTINE SYSTEM. “Cells exist far from thermal equilibrium by harvesting energy from their environment. They are composed of thousands of different types of molecule. They contain information for their survival and reproduction, in the form of their DNA. Their interactions with the environment depend in a byzantine fashion on this information, and the information and the machinery that interprets it are replicated by reproducing the cell.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE OF PURPOSE. “Although living systems obey the laws of physics and chemistry, the notion of function or purpose differentiates biology from other natural sciences. Organisms exist to reproduce, whereas, outside religious belief, rocks and stars have no purpose.” https://www.nature.com/articles/35011540 View in LinkedIn