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EVOLUTION OF BLACK HOLES. “Because so few philosophers have worked on these issues, many questions and problems of great possible interest have not been investigated philosophically at all; others have had only the barest starts made on them; consequently, several sections discussed in this article merely raise questions and point to problems that deserve philosophical attention. The field is wide open for expansive and intensive exploration.” https://lnkd.in/dPXn5gh View in LinkedIn

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LEWIS CARROLL’S THE SNARK. “The poem describes " with infinite humor, the impossible journey of an improbable crew, to find an inconceivable creature ". (Sidney Williams and Falconer Madan: Handbook of the Literature of the Rev. CL Dodgson , cited in Martin Gardner: The Annotated Snark , Penguin Books, 1974.). https://lnkd.in/dCZKzN4 View in LinkedIn

INCREASING ENTROPY? “Finally, the evolution of black holes is apparently in conflict with standard quantum evolution, for such evolution rules out the sort of increase in entropy that seems to be required when black holes are present. Indeed, as purely gravitational entities with striking quantum properties, what we know about black holes lies at the heart of and guides many attempts to formulate a theory of quantum gravity. This has led to a debate over what seemingly fundamental physical principles are likely to be preserved in, or violated by, a full quantum theory of gravity.” https://lnkd.in/dPXn5gh View in LinkedIn

RABBIT HOLE. “This all raises problems about inter-theory relations, in particular about relations between the “same” quantity as it appears in different theories. It also bears on the meaning and status of the Second Law of thermodynamics, with possible implications for characterizing a cosmological arrow of time.” https://lnkd.in/dPXn5gh View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN CONSEQUENCES. “It is far from clear, however, what it may mean to attribute thermodynamical properties to black holes. At the same time, some of these thermodynamical properties of black holes now seem amenable to direct testing in terrestrial laboratories by observing the behavior of “analogue” systems composed of ordinary material.” https://lnkd.in/dPXn5gh View in LinkedIn

SEEDS OF MASSIVENESS. “In one theorized formation channel, IMBHs are the seeds for supermassive black holes in the early universe. As a result, IMBHs are predicted to exist in the local universe in dwarf galaxies, as well as wandering in more massive galaxy halos.” (IMBHs = intermediate mass black holes). https://lnkd.in/dYX7TQV View in LinkedIn

MASS GAP. “The previously assumed ‘mass gap’ between stellar black holes (∼1–100 M⊙) and supermassive black holes (SMBHs; ∼106–109 M⊙) may be filled in, though to what extent is still very uncertain.” (IMBHs = intermediate mass black holes (102–105 M⊙): M⊙ = unit of celestial mass). https://lnkd.in/dYX7TQV View in LinkedIn

MISSING CATEGORY. “Where are the Intermediate Mass Black Holes? Observational evidence has been mounting for the existence of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs, 102–105 M⊙), but observing them at all, much less constraining their masses, is very challenging.” (M⊙ = unit of celestial mass). https://lnkd.in/dYX7TQV View in LinkedIn

QUESTION OF OPTICS. “One major challenge for observations of IMBHs is dynamical. The radius of influence of a black hole scales linearly with its mass; thus it is difficult to detect the influence of IMBHs on nearby stars without extremely high spatial resolution.” (IMBHs = intermediate mass black holes). https://lnkd.in/dYX7TQV View in LinkedIn