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CELLULAR SEPARATION. “As Frank R. Lillie wrote in his critical review of 1927, "The germ exhibits the duality of nucleus and cytoplasm; the geneticist has taken the former for his field, the embryologist the latter." https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

VOLUME VS SURFACE AREA. “Remarkably, though, the theoretical ultimate information capacity of the space occupied by the heap increases only with the surface area. Because volume increases more rapidly than surface area, at some point the entropy of all the chips would exceed the holographic bound.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

HISTORY. “In 1986 Rafael D. Sorkin of Syracuse University exploited the horizon's role in barring information inside the black hole from influencing affairs outside to show that the GSL (or something very similar to it) must be valid for any conceivable process that black holes undergo. His deep argument makes it clear that the entropy entering the GSL is that calculated down to level X, whatever that level may be.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

INFO AND ENTROPY. “Imagine that we are piling up computer memory chips in a big heap. The number of transistors--the total data storage capacity--increases with the volume of the heap. So, too, does the total thermodynamic entropy of all the chips.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

THE SOLUTION. “The Christodoulou-Hawking theorem fails in the face of this phenomenon (the mass of the black hole, and therefore its horizon area, decreases), but the GSL copes with it: the entropy of the emergent radiation more than compensates for the decrement in black hole entropy, so the GSL is preserved.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

SURPRISING CLUE. “But it is another aspect of the holographic bound that is truly astonishing. Namely, that the maximum possible entropy depends on the boundary area instead of the volume.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

VIOLATION. “The GSL has passed a large number of stringent, if purely theoretical, tests. When a star collapses to form a black hole, the black hole entropy greatly exceeds the star's entropy. In 1974 Hawking demonstrated that a black hole spontaneously emits thermal radiation, now known as Hawking radiation, by a quantum process.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

BIG SUMS. “Estimating the entropy of the universe is a difficult problem, however, and much larger numbers, requiring a sphere almost as big as the universe itself, are entirely plausible.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

INVIOLABLE THERMODYNAMICS. “I conjectured that when matter falls into a black hole, the increase in black hole entropy always compensates or overcompensates for the lost entropy of the matter. More generally, the sum of black hole entropies and the ordinary entropy outside the black holes cannot decrease. This is the generalized second law--GSL for short.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

“The interactions between flowering plants and insect pollinators shape ecological communities and provide one of the best examples of coevolution. “https://lnkd.in/dnKW6bS View in LinkedIn