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CYTOPLASMIC SCIENCE. “Indeed, the concept of gene expression is absent in the major embryology books of the 1920s through the 1940s. Although experimental embryology had successfully separated itself from the earlier traditions of developmental anatomy, it remained a phenotypic science, and it identified itself as a science concerned with cytoplasmic changes.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

INFO AND ENTROPY. “Imagine that we are piling up computer memory chips in a big heap. The number of transistors--the total data storage capacity--increases with the volume of the heap. So, too, does the total thermodynamic entropy of all the chips.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

THE SOLUTION. “The Christodoulou-Hawking theorem fails in the face of this phenomenon (the mass of the black hole, and therefore its horizon area, decreases), but the GSL copes with it: the entropy of the emergent radiation more than compensates for the decrement in black hole entropy, so the GSL is preserved.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

SURPRISING CLUE. “But it is another aspect of the holographic bound that is truly astonishing. Namely, that the maximum possible entropy depends on the boundary area instead of the volume.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

VIOLATION. “The GSL has passed a large number of stringent, if purely theoretical, tests. When a star collapses to form a black hole, the black hole entropy greatly exceeds the star's entropy. In 1974 Hawking demonstrated that a black hole spontaneously emits thermal radiation, now known as Hawking radiation, by a quantum process.” (GSL = generalized second law). https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

BIG SUMS. “Estimating the entropy of the universe is a difficult problem, however, and much larger numbers, requiring a sphere almost as big as the universe itself, are entirely plausible.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

INVIOLABLE THERMODYNAMICS. “I conjectured that when matter falls into a black hole, the increase in black hole entropy always compensates or overcompensates for the lost entropy of the matter. More generally, the sum of black hole entropies and the ordinary entropy outside the black holes cannot decrease. This is the generalized second law--GSL for short.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

“The interactions between flowering plants and insect pollinators shape ecological communities and provide one of the best examples of coevolution. “https://lnkd.in/dnKW6bS View in LinkedIn

BURNT NORTON. “The methodological base of Natural sciences is the metaphysical concept of Time and metrology of time since the gross aim of Natural sciences is the investigation of Present in order to predict the Future and to explain the Past.” https://lnkd.in/dZGqaxD View in LinkedIn

ALL OF THE PROXIMAL EVERYTHING. “The visible universe contains at least 10(100) bits of entropy, which could in principle be packed inside a sphere a tenth of a light-year across.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn