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Strange spherical prisms left from light going through my glasses lenses. View in LinkedIn

CHARM FRACTIONAL CHARGES, “Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of + 2⁄3 e, while down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have − 1⁄3 e. The fractional charge of the quarks is an accident of the units we use to measure electric charge. If we used other units the quark charges would come out integers.” https://lnkd.in/d7yC9_D9 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this second and last weekend in gene logic gates fashioned after the genius of electronic logic gates. Curiously, natural biochemical controls are more related to feedback inhibition loops, and molecular saturation, rather than binary gates. Cybernetics is in its infancy with regard to biology, and soon will integrate with soma-machine interfaces. https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

A GREAT START. “There is a pressing need to expand the currently limited parts kit of gene circuit engineering. As demonstrated in the construction of the genetic logic gates, the diverse natural building blocks in the myriad of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species provides a rich source from which to engineer orthogonal devices with a variety functions.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL SIGNALS. “Unlike electronic digital circuits, the components in a biological circuit are not connected by wires, and the flow of biological information has to depend on their specific chemical interactions to avoid cross-talk.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

REDUCED NOISE. “The circuit chassis compatibility assays reported here (Fig. 6) indicate that the use of orthogonal and exogenous gene elements for a synthetic circuit in a chassis help to minimize the potential unintended interactions between the circuit and host genetic programmes.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

SCALABLE. “Orthogonal parts and modules, such as the AND gate engineered in this study, are important for the compatibility and scalable design of large gene circuits comprising many components. Orthogonality implies that the newly added parts and modules should not cross-talk with those present in the engineered biological systems as well as the host genetic background.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

STRATEGY. “The obtained transfer functions of the logic gates implemented here can be used to simulate the behaviour of larger integrated devices or systems when the context in which they are placed is preserved. Alternatively, biological components might be insulated physically and genetically to let them act more stably and predictably in different contexts.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn

My tiny crab who lives on an anemone is filter feeding with his extended mouthpiece. View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCIBILITY. “However, the behaviours of assembled logic circuits were modelled predictably from components when characterized in the same abiotic and genetic context as required for their final operation, implying that, to achieve predictable circuit engineering, individual parts and modules should be in-context characterized to eliminate or reduce any behavioural variations arising from differences in context.” https://lnkd.in/dsEUY4ZP View in LinkedIn