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HIGH COST. “The nectar reward is expensive for the plant to produce. In milkweed, up to 37% of the daily photosynthetic energy is spent producing nectar reward for pollinators, energy that is no longer available to the plant.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

PLANT ELECTRIC FIELDS. “5 m tall trees growing on flat ground are shown to produce substantial alterations in the electric field strength in the surrounding air. The positive charge in the atmosphere draws a negative charge to the surface of the trees.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT CO-ASSOCIATION. “Flowers use bees as vehicles to enhance pollen transport and fertilization, while bees greatly benefit from pollen and nectar as food sources. This co-evolutionary relationship turns out to be rich and complex.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

INSECT WIDE ORGANS. “Neither mechanosensory hairs nor antennae are unique to bees. It is, therefore, possible that other arthropods also use these structures to detect electric fields. Mechanosensory structures in insects have previously been shown to be involved in detection of various fluid-mechanical signals, by a diverse range of arthropods.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

VARIETIES OF ORGANS. “It seems that although bumble bees and honey bees can both detect weak e-fields, they do so using different but physically analogous electromechanical systems.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

THE ELECTRIC ORGAN. “Transduction of these forces was proposed to be taking place in the antennal Johnston’s organ. Greggers et al. (2013) demonstrate that honey bee antennae oscillate under electric field stimulation, and this stimulation can elicit activity in the antennal nerve.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

CHARGED BEES. “The sensory basis for electroreception in honey bees was hypothesised to be the antennae, electro-mechanically coupled to the surrounding e-field in virtue of bees being electrically charged, and thus subject to electrostatic forces.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

COMBINED CUES. “Bumble bees can use electric information to discriminate between rewarding and unrewarding flowers. They can also learn colour discrimination tasks faster when colour cues are paired with electric field cues similar in magnitude to those surrounding natural flowers. In effect, bumble bees did not learn as readily in an electrically neutral environment.” https://lnkd.in/dz2UJCDk View in LinkedIn

Traditions based on deep archetypes have persisted for millenia, seen here at the annual St Narcis fair in Girona. View in LinkedIn

ENERGY. “The day science begins to study non-physical phenomena, it will make more progress in one decade than in all the previous centuries of its existence.”(Nikola Tesla). https://lnkd.in/dWsaP7xy View in LinkedIn