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SO ENDS this first of two weekends on the virtues of imperfections and strange emergent optical properties caused by interference patterns from waves of light reinforcing or cancelling each other like ripples in a pond. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

DIFFICULT PERFECTION. “In reality, it remains a challenge to obtain large-scale, perfect graphene. Unintentional ad-atom doping, point defects, dislocations, and grain boundaries exist in graphene.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

GOLDEN HONEYCOMB. “Graphene, a one-atom thin material with carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb lattice, at its perfect state, has a linear Dirac cone in its electronic structure exhibiting ambipolar electric field effect, high electron mobility, high thermal conductivity, and room temperature quantum hall effect.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

CARBON ALLOTROPE. “Among extreme materials, graphene, a two-dimensional semimetal with a very small overlap between conductance and valence bands, has received substantial attention and been associated with two Nobel Prizes in Physics in 2010 and 2016, respectively.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

3D ELECTRONICS. “It is now the “FinFET era.” FinFET is a three-dimensional (3D) structured semiconductor that wraps the fin-shaped gate with insulator (i.e., gate oxide) around the source and drain. This replaces the previous planar structure of an electronic switch (or technically known as a transistor), where the gate sits flat above the source and drain.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

“MOORE’S LAW has successfully predicted the scaling trend of silicon-based integrated circuits, where the technology node is shrinking while the power density is doubling every 10 years.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

MICROCHIPS. “Very large scale integration (VLSI), a process to fabricate an integrated circuit consisting of thousands of digital switches on a single chip, began in the 1970s when complex communication technologies were developing.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

START OF SEMICONDUCTORS. “The “semiconductor era” began in the second half of the twentieth century with the invention of the integrated circuit. It is termed an integrated circuit, as all electronic components and their interconnection are integrated on a silicon chip.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

THE NUT. “CP violation is one of the key ingredients needed to explain why there is a small excess of matter over antimatter in the Universe.” (CP = charge-conjugation parity-reversal). https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01000-9 View in LinkedIn

DARK MATTER SEARCHES. “In recent years, this field has witnessed significant advancements on both experimental and theoretical sides, stimulated by new-generation space-borne experiments such as PAMELA, the Fermi-LAT telescope, and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer AMS-02.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-021-09708-w.pdf View in LinkedIn