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NON-SPONTANEOUS SPACE CRYSTALS. “However, crystalline structures in space can also be created externally without any spontaneous process.” https://lnkd.in/e5UXiem5 View in LinkedIn

OUT OF THE BOX. “In 2012 Frank Wilczek speculated whether crystalline structures in space could be extended to the fourth dimension – time?” https://lnkd.in/e5UXiem5 View in LinkedIn

SPONTANEOUS SPACE CRYSTALS. “Spontaneous breaking of continuous space translation symmetry into discrete space translation symmetry results in the formation of ordinary space crystals.” https://lnkd.in/e5UXiem5 View in LinkedIn

DEFINITION. “Time crystals are physical systems whose time translation symmetry is spontaneously broken.” https://lnkd.in/e5jENMEg View in LinkedIn

EXPANSION. “The second quantization formalism allows us to switch from a single particle to many indistinguishable particles by introducing the bosonic field operator ψˆ, which can be expanded in terms of operators that annihilate a boson in time-independent single-particle basis states.” https://lnkd.in/e5UXiem5 View in LinkedIn

AUTHORS: Distinguished Professor Peter Hannaford, Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; and Professor Krzysztof Sacha, institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Poland. https://lnkd.in/e5UXiem5 View in LinkedIn

QED. “We will demonstrate that quantum fluctuations in the scale factor modify the Friedmann equations, giving rise to the late-time accelerated expansion of the universe, and they may also considerably modify the effective universe potential.” https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/6/164/htm View in LinkedIn

HYPOTHESIS. “In addition, it was demonstrated that fast scale factor oscillations modify the current sign and magnitude of the average cosmological force, thus making it one of the potential probable causes of the modification of Newtonian dynamics in galaxy-scale systems.” https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/6/164/htm View in LinkedIn

CONFIRMATION. “Experimental evidence of relatively fast scale factor oscillations started to emerge very recently.” https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/6/164/htm View in LinkedIn

SPREADING UNCERTAINTY. “Instead, the universe-scale factor a(t) must experience quantum fluctuations, especially since there is no reason to expect that the quantum state of the universe within the scope of the quantum Friedmann model will always be a scale factor eigenstate.” https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/6/164/htm View in LinkedIn