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EFFICIENT ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION "Estrous synchronisation enables the farmer to reduce costs ... of AI. Concentrated calving and uniform weaning saves time and is cheaper than having individual cows in heat throughout the year." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_synchronization View in LinkedIn

SYNCHRONIZED ESTROUS CYCLES in farm animals is used to make artificial insemination more efficient for the farmer. "There are three primary groups of products used to synchronize estrus or ovulation in beef cattle: prostaglandins, progestins, and gonadotropins." http://beef.unl.edu/learning/estrussynch.shtml View in LinkedIn

ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION IN CATTLE is achieved by hormone injections to control and reschedule estrous cycle (for timed artificial insemination), resulting in grouped and younger calving, and shorter breeding season. In some cases, super ovulation and embryo transfer to surrogates is used. http://lnkd.in/dWC4spV View in LinkedIn

CLONING OF CATTLE EMBRYOS. "Cloning animals through somatic cell nuclear transfer is simply inefficient. The success rate ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent, Cloned animals that do survive tend to be much bigger at birth than their natural counterparts. The clones look like the originals, and their DNA sequences are identical, (but) It is up to the scientist to reprogram the nucleus." http://lnkd.in/b9B289s View in LinkedIn

IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF CATTLE EMBRYOS for "low cost mass production of beef cattle embryos that will improve the commercial value of calves produced in dairy breeds" has progressed immensely since the first in vitro calf was born in 1981. This includes successful embryo cryopreservation and large scale production of embryos. http://lnkd.in/b8UH2dW View in LinkedIn

EMBRYO TRANSFERS. "The principal benefit of embryo transfer is the possibility to produce several progeny from a female, just as AI can produce many offspring from one male. For example the average lifetime production of a cow can be increased from 4 to 25 calves." http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5473b/x5473b05.htm View in LinkedIn

SUPER-OVULATION AND EMBRYO TRANSFER IN CATTLE. It is now common practice to super-ovulate an outstanding cow, induce her to produce multiple eggs and inseminate her with a superior bull, and harvest the embryos which will be transplanted into recipient hormonal lay synchronized cows to make dozens of superior offspring. http://www.cattletoday.com/archive/2007/May/CT987.shtml View in LinkedIn

LARGE SCALE SPERM SEXING "using flow cytometry and cellsorting technology is now available for many mammalian species with approximately 90% accuracy. This technique has been applied only in the cattle livestock industry on a large-scale commercial basis." http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1274/jmor.29.119 View in LinkedIn

SPERM SEXING or sexed semen is a technique to separate out sperm with the larger X chromosome so that male or female offspring can be fairly reliably produced. It was developed in the late 1980s. https://extension.usu.edu/cache/files/uploads/SEMEN%2520FOR%2520DAIRY%2520AND%2520BEEF%2520CATTLE.pdf View in LinkedIn

MAJOR CATTLE INDUSTRY CHANGES in the last 75 years have included: artificial insemination; estrous synchronization; sperm sexing; and embryo collection, transfer, freezing, manipulation, in vitro production, and cloning. Not to mention the bovine growth hormone in milk adventure. Hang on tight. http://lnkd.in/bvpAEeR View in LinkedIn