Category: Uncategorized

UNREGULATED EMERGING DBPs. "Surveys in the USA and Canada in the 1990s and 2000s provided data for assessing the formation, occurrence and control of emerging DBPs that are not currently regulated in the USA." http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS (DBPs). "Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the water supply to produce compounds known as disinfection byproducts (DBPs)." Chlorine acts as a microbial disinfectant because it is very reactive, but this property is the heart of the problem with chlorination. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorination View in LinkedIn

HUNDREDS OF DBPs. "Approximately 50 ‘high-priority’ DBPs were identified that received the highest ranking for potential toxicity ... recent studies suggest that certain emerging DBPs of potential health concern can be formed when alternative disinfectants to chlorine are used to minimize the formation of the regulated chlorination DBPs." http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

ESTABLISHED CHORINATED BY-PRODUCTS. "Chlorinated byproducts of treated drinking water were discovered in 1974 ... And been associated with elevated risk of bladder cancer and colorectal cancer," and brain cancers. This group of toxic byproducts refers to the groups that were described thirty years ago, not the emerging compounds. http://lnkd.in/dDuZVN6 View in LinkedIn

"MANY COUNTRIES REGULATE (or provide guidance for) selected DBPs (e.g. trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in water ... However, many of the DBPs that have been evaluated in toxicology studies do not account for the health risks observed in many cancer epidemiology studies." These DBPs are just the tip of the iceberg. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

CHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY. "DBPs are formed through the reaction of a chemical disinfectant (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, ozone) with an organic precursor, represented by various components of natural organic matter (NOM), and an inorganic precursor, most often certain halide ions." http://lnkd.in/dFbQ65i View in LinkedIn

"CHLOROFORM typically the most prevalent THM measured in chlorinated water, is probably the most thoroughly studied disinfection byproduct. Toxicological studies have shown that high levels of chloroform can cause cancer in laboratory animals." http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

WHO REPORT ON CHLORINATED WATER cites reports of increased asthma, dermatitis, bladder cancer as well as serum cholesterol and low density lipoproteins due to chlorine exposure in drinking water. http://lnkd.in/dXvsKvD View in LinkedIn

DBP CARCINOGENS IN WATER "chlorinated drinking water accounts for nearly 15 percent of all rectal cancers and nine percent of all bladder cancers ... increases the chances of contracting rectal cancer by 38 percent and contracting bladder cancer by 21 percent ... higher incidence of cancer of the esophagus, rectum, breast, and larynx, as well as Hodgkin’s disease." http://www.alive.com/articles/view/18356/chlorinated_drinking_water View in LinkedIn

CANCER AND CHLORINE BYPRODUCTS. "Epidemiological studies ... concluded that 14 to 16 percent of bladder cancers in Ontario may be attributable to drinking water containing relatively high levels of chlorination byproducts ... has been associated with a 20- to 40-percent increase in the incidence of colon and rectal cancer." http://lnkd.in/dnttzwV View in LinkedIn