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PATHOGENIC VIRUSES IN DRINKING WATER present an ongoing health threat for communities, in part because more sophisticated viral load assays are needed, and are generally not employed. While many are killed by chlorination, like bacteria, there are also chlorine resistant viruses. View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE TREATMENT of raw water is not designed to produce bacteria free water, but reduce health hazards and make it aesthetically pleasing. Bacterial spores will be unaffected by purification. "Raw water contains a myriad of different bacterial species, many of which have not been cultured, much less identified." (WHO Report). http://lnkd.in/dY764Z7 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA WITHIN AMOEBA survive chlorination. "Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99% inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3223766 View in LinkedIn

NEW RESISTANT BACTERIUM. "This study describes the identification and characterization of a new chlorine resistant bacterium, Sphingomonas TS001, isolated from a model drinking water distribution system." One of many. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236642240_Characterization_and_identification_of_a_chlorine-resistant_bacterium_Sphingomonas_TS001_from_a_model_drinking_water_distribution_system View in LinkedIn

CRYPTO REMOVAL. "Other common filtration processes including slow sand filters, diatomaceous earth filter, and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium ... drinking water believed to be contaminated by Cryptosporidium, the safest option is to boil all water used for drinking." http://lnkd.in/dwb2UCd View in LinkedIn

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is chlorine resistant. "Cryptosporidiosis is typically an acute, short-term infection, but can become severe and nonresolving in children and immunocompromised individuals ... it remains in the lower intestine and may remain for up to five weeks. The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that ... exist in the small intestine." http://lnkd.in/dwb2UCd View in LinkedIn

A NEW MULTIDRUG DRUG RESISTANT WATER PATHOGEN is also resistant to chlorine. This pathogen is common in hospitals and has a significant mortality rate. Nasty combination Superbug. http://lnkd.in/dQeA6mf View in LinkedIn

DENTAL CHALLENGES. "Although no epidemiologic evidence indicates a public health problem, the presence of substantial numbers of pathogens in dental unit waterlines generates concern. Exposing patients ... despite the lack of documented adverse health effects, is inconsistent with accepted infection-control principles." http://lnkd.in/dAQcxMd View in LinkedIn

"CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENIC protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum ... include opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas auruginosa, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Flavobacterium, Legionella and fecal Klebsiella that affect select populations at risk." http://lnkd.in/dssgvHd View in LinkedIn

CDC ON DENTAL WATER LINES. "Dental unit waterlines (i.e., narrow-bore plastic tubing that carries water to the high-speed handpiece, air/water syringe, and ultrasonic scaler) can become colonized with microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa ... these microorganisms colonize and replicate on the interior surfaces of the waterline tubing and form a biofilm." http://lnkd.in/dAQcxMd View in LinkedIn