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BLACK OR WHITE FALLACY. "Fatalism is not the alternative to superstition; it is an alternative. " http://www.fallacyfiles.org/eitheror.html View in LinkedIn

RED HERRING FALLACY or "ignorance of refutation" ... a "red herring" argument is one which distracts the audience from the issue in question through the introduction of some irrelevancy. This frequently occurs during debates when there is an at least implicit topic, yet it is easy to lose track of it." http://lnkd.in/dkHCPaU View in LinkedIn

STIFLED FACTS. "Tobacco companies funded epidemiological and biological research that was designed to support claims that secondhand smoke posed little or no harm. Unfavorable research results also were suppressed by the tobacco industry." http://lnkd.in/dGPqGEu View in LinkedIn

CIRCULAR ARGUMENT, or begging the question. "Circular arguments are technically valid―that is, if their premisses are true then their conclusions must also be true. However, as should be obvious, circular reasoning cannot advance knowledge, since it ends up in the same place it started." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/begquest.html View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT EVIDENCE. "After combing through nearly 50 million pages of previously secret, internal tobacco-industry documents, UC Davis and UC San Francisco researchers say they have documented for the first time how the industry funded and used scientific studies to undermine evidence linking secondhand smoke to cardiovascular disease." http://lnkd.in/dGPqGEu View in LinkedIn

STRAW MAN ARGUMENT. "In a straw man argument, the arguer misrepresents the argument of another participant in the dialogue. Thus, straw man arguments can only occur within the context of such a debate." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/inforfal.html View in LinkedIn

PROPAGANDA ARCHITECT. "Edward Bernays: Born 1891 in Vienna, nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays is credited as the "farsighted architect" of modern propaganda techniques. From the early 1920's onward, he helped consolidate a marriage between theories of mass psychology and schemes of corporate and political persuasion." http://lnkd.in/dum5MFq View in LinkedIn

INFORMAL FALLACY. "Typically, informal fallacies occur in non-deductive reasoning, which relies on content as well as form for cogency. Also, because content is important in informal fallacies, there are cogent arguments with the form of the fallacy." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/inforfal.html View in LinkedIn

THE RECENT HISTORY OF TOBACCO is replete with successful manipulation of the facts. Not long ago, there were many adverts by doctors advocating cigarettes. They hired Edward Bernays, the inventor of public manipulation to help their campaigns, such as 'Torches of Freedom'. "Cigarettes were described as symbols of emancipation and equality with men." http://lnkd.in/dwNc6A2 View in LinkedIn

IMPATIENCE WITH AMBIGUITY. "The claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa (e.g., There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore UFOs exist - and there is intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe ... This (is) impatience with ambiguity." (Carl Sagan). http://www.science20.com/archyfantasies/blog/absence_evidence View in LinkedIn