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DARPA SHAPE-SHIFTERS. "Blurring the line between materials and mechanics, it may even result in new states of matter. One possibility are "infoliquids"and "infosolids", materials than straddle the line between solid and liquid, with information encoded into its chemistry. Another possibility is the creation of robots that can shift sizes and even states of matter to squeeze through narrow passages or around obstacles." https://lnkd.in/d9CztUV View in LinkedIn

TRANSFORMING MATERIALS. "What if you could train or, more precisely, program a material like wood, carbon or rubber to virtually complete the manufacturing process of whatever object it is destined to become? And what if the material continued transforming, adapting to its function or various functions?" https://lnkd.in/dpEq-ym View in LinkedIn

"4D PRINTING is fundamentally 3D printing with the added capability of materials transforming over time." https://lnkd.in/dirgGK8 View in LinkedIn

DNA STABILIZATION. "Thermal resistance of the DNA double helix appears to be improved in hyperthermophiles by reverse gyrase, a unique type I DNA topoisomerase that causes positive supertwists for stabilization. The secondary structure of ribonucleic acids appears to be stabilized against thermal destruction by an increased content of GC base pairs within the stem areas and by post-transcriptional modification." https://lnkd.in/dk75SNX View in LinkedIn

MEMBRANE MONOLAYER. "Analyses of the related extreme acidophile F. acidiphilum confirmed that its membranes are also dominated by tetraethers rather than diethers. We propose that a membrane monolayer is a key characteristic that enables archaea to live in acid."" "" " View in LinkedIn

HOT ACID NICHE. "F. acidarmanus is a champion extremophile. It is a common, and in some cases, the dominant organism in pyrite ore bodies and associated mine tailings and sub-aqueous slime streamer communities in 35–50°C, pH 0–1 solutions with approximately molar concentrations of metals and sulfate."" "" " View in LinkedIn

ETHER NOT GLYCEROL MEMBRANES. "The membrane structure unique to Archaea plays a significant role in their survival as a barrier between the cytoplasm and the hostile environments. Archaeal membranes are composed of isoprenoid alcohols ether-linked to glycerol, instead of the usual Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic fatty acids which are ester-linked to glycerol." https://lnkd.in/dz9R9uY View in LinkedIn

RESISTANT LIPID MEMBRANES. "Cell components such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are usually quite heat-sensitive. Membrane lipids of the bacterial hyperthermophile T. maritima contain a novel glycerol ether lipid ... it may significantly increase the stability of membranes against hydrolysis at high temperatures." https://lnkd.in/dk75SNX View in LinkedIn

"HYPERTHERMOPHILES grow fastest at temperatures between 80 and 106°C. This is already the temperature range where some small biomolecules rapidly decompose. The highest growth temperature observed at all is 113°C for Pyrolobus fumarii. As a consequence, cell components like proteins, nucleic acids and membranes have to be stable and even function best at temperatures around 100°C." https://lnkd.in/dk75SNX View in LinkedIn

TOUGHER FATTY ACIDS. "The lipid composition in the membranes of the thermophiles consists of more branched and saturated fatty acids than other organisms. Having a stronger lipid complex within the membrane helps the Archaean thermophiles to withstand higher temperatures better than other organisms. Aside from having to stabilize the plasma membrane at high temperatures, thermophiles must also stabilize their proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP." https://lnkd.in/dFvvrKf View in LinkedIn