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"A MULTILAYER HYDROGEL is fabricated from the stimuli-responsive aminopolysaccharide chitosan by using spatially localized and temporally controlled sequences of electrical signals. By programming the imposed cathodic input signals, chitosan hydrogels with varying layer number and thickness can be fabricated. The inputs of electrical signals induce the formation of hydrogel layers while short interruptions create interfaces between each layer." https://lnkd.in/dDQgYqG View in LinkedIn

SELF-ASSEMBLY = INFORMATION CODED in the shape, surface properties, charge, polarize, magnetic dipole, mass etc. "These characteristics determine the interactions among them." The term information and the term energy are equivalent in these circumstances. https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

SELF-ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES for Static, Dynamic, Templated and Biological systems, include our old friends: bubble rafts, bacterial colonies, swarms, schools of fish, weather patterns, solar systems, and even galaxies. (See Table 1). https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

#4. COLLOID CRYSTALLIZATION in 3D optical fields is the last type of self-assembly. Self-assembly requires that the components are mobile, and thus usually occurs in fluids or on smooth surfaces. https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

#3. "TEMPLATED SELF-ASSEMBLY requires component interaction with the environment to activate, for example, crystallization on surfaces." https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

#2. DYNAMIC SELF-ASSEMBLY "dissipates energy such as found in living cells. This type of self-assembly is less understood than the static mechanism." https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

#1. STATIC SELF-ASSEMBLY is one of at least four general types of self-assembly mechanisms; static systems are at equilibrium and do not release energy, such as molecular crystals and folded globular proteins. It usually requires energy input but the result is stable. https://lnkd.in/dMdgwXk View in LinkedIn

OSMOTIC HOSTILITY. "One of the biggest problems faced by halophiles in maintaining homeostasis is the balance of osmotic pressure. Since these organisms are in hypertonic solution, water diffuses out of the cells and into the surrounding environment. Halophile membranes are unique in their composition, just as thermophiles are." https://lnkd.in/dFvvrKf View in LinkedIn

GIANT PROMISE OF SELF-ASSEMBLY. "Self-assembly promises to enable breakthroughs across every applications of biology, material science, software, robotics, manufacturing, transportation, infrastructure, construction, the arts, and even space exploration." http://www.selfassemblylab.net/ View in LinkedIn

SUPER-SALTY NICHES. "Another group of extremophiles that have adapted themselves to an extreme environment are the halophiles. These organisms have the ability to grow at very high salt concentrations. In this case, the salt concentrations can be anywhere from 3% to 35%." https://lnkd.in/dFvvrKf View in LinkedIn