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PRESSURE KILLS MOST CELLS. "Studies have been undertaken using the moderately piezotolerant Escherichia coli, where it has been found that pressures higher than 10 MPa inhibit motility; 20-50 MPa, cell division; 50 MPa, DNA replication; 58 MPa, protein synthesis; and 77 MPa, RNA synthesis." https://lnkd.in/dvfGnsZ View in LinkedIn

8,350 M DEEP BACTERIAL PIEZOPHILES have been isolated, living at the equivalent of 27,395 feet, or 2,000 short of Everest, and likely in 30-60 MPa of pressure. https://lnkd.in/dEPdz_u View in LinkedIn

HOT AND COLD. "Chemosynthetic communities of microorganisms, often associated with invertebrate hosts, exist in the deep sea at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Hydrothermal vents are fissures in the ocean floor that leak hot, acidic water. Cold seeps are additional sites of fluid release from the seafloor that are frequently present along the borders of continental plates." https://lnkd.in/d4AhBiy View in LinkedIn

SEVERE PRESSURE TRENCHES. "Terrestrial habitats with pressures of one atmosphere or lower account for

PIEZOPHILES AND THERMOPEIZOPHILES. "Piezophiles are organisms that have the ability to grow at pressures higher than normal atmospheric pressure ... thermopeizophiles grow in high temperatures and pressure while psychropeizophiles grow in low temperatures and high pressure." https://lnkd.in/dFvvrKf View in LinkedIn

PRESSURE IS A UNIQUE CHALLENGE. "Changes in hydrostatic pressure perturb the volume of a system without changing its internal energy (as occurs with temperature), or its solvent composition (as occurs with pH and osmolarity changes). Thus, pressure is both a unique and a fundamental thermodynamic parameter." https://lnkd.in/dvfGnsZ View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN LIMIT. "The lower temperature limit is apparently set by the freezing temperature of intracellular water, whereas the upper pressure limit for life is not known." Culture conditions and capture of these adapted creatures is extremely demanding. Thus, we know almost nothing about them. https://lnkd.in/dvfGnsZ View in LinkedIn

CHANGED METABOLISM. "In many organisms, there is an upregulation of genes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism during a high pressure exposure, also accompanied by high ATP levels. This could be explained as a stress response and a reflection of the need to rapidly manage energy and osmotic stability." http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-biochemical-adaptations-that-piezophiles-make-to-protect-their-proteins-lipids-DNA View in LinkedIn

GIANT GLOBAL NICHE. "Low temperature and high pressure deep-sea environments occupy the largest fraction of the biosphere. Within these environments psychrophiles exist which can grow at temperatures as low as -12 °C, and piezophiles (also termed barophiles) exist which can grow at pressures as high as 130 megapascal." https://lnkd.in/dvfGnsZ View in LinkedIn

LOW MW OSMOLYTES. "Protein function can be preserved at higher pressures by the accumulation of protein-stabilizing solutes. Several such solutes have been found to be upregulated in certain piezophiles, which have been suggested to protect proteins and cellular membranes from inactivation or denaturation." http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-biochemical-adaptations-that-piezophiles-make-to-protect-their-proteins-lipids-DNA View in LinkedIn