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"TWO BRAINS may seem like the stuff of science fiction, but they make literal and evolutionary sense." https://lnkd.in/edr6xim View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT IN NATURE continues with the enteric nervous system, or the gut-brain axis. One important aspect of this axis is now appreciated to be the microbiome, and recent evidence suggests that when the host is stressed, it can change the composition of the microbiome in favor of pathogenic microorganisms. View in LinkedIn

"FREE D-AMINO ACIDS are abundant in bacteria and in certain animal tissues, and they may be synthesized in animals as in bacteria...D-amino acids appear to be not only remnants of ancient life but prerequisites for present-day life." https://lnkd.in/ermi4iJ View in LinkedIn

UNANTICIPATED ROLES. "D-amino acids have previously unappreciated regulatory roles in the bacterial kingdom. Many diverse bacterial phyla synthesize and release D-amino acids, including D-Met and D-Leu, which were not previously known to be made." https://lnkd.in/eXp7iyx View in LinkedIn

"THE D-ENANTIOMERS of amino acids have been thought to have relatively minor functions in biological processes. While L-amino acids clearly predominate in nature, D-amino acids are sometimes found in proteins that are not synthesized by ribosomes and in bacterial cell walls." Non-ribosomal synthesis of proteins is common in bacteria. https://lnkd.in/eXp7iyx View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL D-AMINO ACIDS. "By selectively incorporating them in the peptidoglycan cell wall, bacteria cope with different environmental stresses." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

"BACTERIA synthesize a pool of different D-amino acids, including D-methionine (D-Met) and D-leucine (D-Leu) in Vibrio cholerae and D-tyrosine (D-Tyr) and D-phenylalanine (D-Phe) in Bacillus subtilis." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

TWO WORLDS. "So far, no peptidase capable of hydrolyzing a peptide bond characterized by the sequence DD or DL amino acids has been isolated in mammals." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL DEFENSE. "The number of D-amino acids present in the structure of peptidoglycan seems to constitute a measure of protection against peptidase and protease attacks." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

"MOST BACTERIA produce significant amounts of D-alanine (D-Ala) and D-glutamate (D-Glu), which are incorporated into peptidoglycan." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn