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ANIMAL D-AMINO ACIDS. "The first reports on D-amino acids in animal tissues were restricted to amphibians and invertebrates." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

RECENT FINDING. "D-amino acids were recently found in various living higher organisms in the form of free amino acids, peptides, and proteins." https://lnkd.in/e7QJSwN View in LinkedIn

NMDA RECEPTORS. "These D-amino acids are now revealed as a modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors (D-Ser), and a regulator of melatonin secretion (D-Asp)." https://lnkd.in/e7enTMS View in LinkedIn

D-SERINE SOURCE. "The source of D-serine in the urine is unknown, but there are at least three possibilities: the diet, microbial production and endogenous L-serine racemization." https://lnkd.in/eMbE2Rk View in LinkedIn

"IN MAMMALS, incredibly high amounts of free D-amino acids were found in specific cases; e.g., D-Ser in the cerebrum (30% of the L-Ser) and D-Asp in the pineal gland (almost the same as or higher than L-Asp)." https://lnkd.in/e7enTMS View in LinkedIn

ADVANTAGE. The uropathogenic E. Coli strain has a competitive growth advantage when metabolizing this amino acid, which is toxic to non pathogenic strains. https://lnkd.in/eMbE2Rk View in LinkedIn

DETECTION LIMITS. "D-Amino acids are now increasingly recognized as physiologically functional molecules and biomarkers in mammals. However, the amounts of D-amino acids are extremely low in most cases, thus highly sensitive and selective analytical methods are practically essential." https://lnkd.in/e7enTMS View in LinkedIn

ADVANTAGE. Some uropathogenic E. Coli strains have machinery to metabolize D-serine. "D-serine is excreted at high levels that range between 3 and 40 mg ml-1 relative to other D-amino acids in human and rat urine." https://lnkd.in/eMbE2Rk View in LinkedIn

"D-AMINO ACIDS have been considered as unnatural amino acids and it has been the common belief that D-amino acids are not present in eukaryotes. However, improvements and developments of analytic methods have shown the D-amino acids are present in a considerable amount of eukaryotes and even in humans." https://lnkd.in/euXyAVX View in LinkedIn

"D-SERINE is also the most abundant amino acid in human urine and stimulates the gene expression of uropathogenic Escherichia Coli." https://lnkd.in/eXp7iyx View in LinkedIn