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ANIMAL IMMUNITY. "All multicellular eukaryotes are susceptible to pathogens. Animal hosts have developed cell-autonomous innate immunity, and chordates have additionally evolved an adaptive immune system to defend against pathogen invasion." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

FOE RECOGNITION MACHINERY. "Plant PRRs are surface-localized receptor-like kinases, which comprise a ligand-binding ectodomain and an intracellular kinase domain, or receptor-like proteins, which do not exhibit any known intracellular signaling domain." https://lnkd.in/eRdhX_N View in LinkedIn

FOE RECOGNITION. "Despite being sessile organisms constantly exposed to potential pathogens and pests, plants are surprisingly resilient to infections. Plants can detect invaders via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)." https://lnkd.in/eRdhX_N View in LinkedIn

CROSS-KINGDOM PATTERNS. "When first isolated 20 years ago, it was surprising to find that structurally similar NLRs could individually confer resistance to strains of plant pathogens from all kingdoms—insects, fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and viruses." (NOD-like receptors). https://lnkd.in/eNmVQSu View in LinkedIn

IN HIGHER ANIMALS, "innate immunity also lies behind most inflammatory responses; these are triggered in the first instance by macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and mast cells through their innate immune receptors." Plants do not have this overlaid molecular and cellular machinery, but do share the innate receptors. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

"INNATE IMMUNITY is an evolutionarily ancient part of the host defense mechanisms: the same molecular modules are found in plants and animals, meaning that it arose before the split into these two kingdoms. Adaptive immunity is a relative newcomer on the evolutionary landscape." Adaptive immunity only exists in higher animals. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

"INNATE IMMUNITY covers many areas of host defense against pathogenic microbes, including the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)." https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ATTACK. "Microbial pathogens of eukaryotes use similar strategies to infect animals, invertebrates and plants. In order to colonize their host, microbes have developed sophisticated protein secretion systems for the delivery of virulence effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. The effector proteins modulate host immune responses and promote pathogenesis." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT IMMUNE SYSTEM. "The fact that the earth’s surface is covered with more species of invertebrates and plants than vertebrates speaks to the success of innate immune systems." Plants only have an innate immune system, while vertebrates layered in a second adaptive immune system on this shared ancient defense mechanism. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "Both PAMP- and DAMP-recognition activates PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) which in general prevents microbial colonization." Microbes try and hijack these defenses by modulating PTI pathways. https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn