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"INNATE IMMUNITY covers many areas of host defense against pathogenic microbes, including the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)." https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ATTACK. "Microbial pathogens of eukaryotes use similar strategies to infect animals, invertebrates and plants. In order to colonize their host, microbes have developed sophisticated protein secretion systems for the delivery of virulence effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. The effector proteins modulate host immune responses and promote pathogenesis." https://lnkd.in/eeDUeRY View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT IMMUNE SYSTEM. "The fact that the earth’s surface is covered with more species of invertebrates and plants than vertebrates speaks to the success of innate immune systems." Plants only have an innate immune system, while vertebrates layered in a second adaptive immune system on this shared ancient defense mechanism. https://lnkd.in/ee_yTe4 View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "Both PAMP- and DAMP-recognition activates PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) which in general prevents microbial colonization." Microbes try and hijack these defenses by modulating PTI pathways. https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

NOD-LIKE RECEPTORS (NLRs) and homologous Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are a family of key innate immune system pathogen pathogen recognition molecules common to both plants and higher animals including man. In man, they are also involved in wound healing. You thought you were so different from a plant? https://lnkd.in/eFus3n9 View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE TO SELF. "In addition to detecting PAMPs, the ability to sense a compromised "self" by detecting damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as released plant cell wall fragments is a central part of plant defense." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn

PLANT INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM "is mediated by an array of innate immune system receptors: pattern-recognition receptors outside the plant cell and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)– like receptors (NLRs) inside the cell." https://lnkd.in/eNmVQSu View in LinkedIn

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS. "Activation of PRRs leads to a whole range of immune responses, including an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and transcriptional changes." All these molecular events are toxic to plant pathogens. https://lnkd.in/eWZ-igq View in LinkedIn

PLANT INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. "Plants are constantly interpreting microbial signals from potential pathogens and potential commensals or mutualists. Because plants have no circulating cells dedicated to this task, every plant cell must, in principle, recognize any microbe as friend, foe, or irrelevant bystander." https://lnkd.in/eNmVQSu View in LinkedIn

PATHOGEN DETECTION. "For plants, detection of microbial fingerprints, also referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a warning of impeding attack. Consequently, a key aspect of plant innate immunity is the ability to recognize PAMPs, such as bacterial flagellin, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and fungal chitin." https://lnkd.in/eRGXkHd View in LinkedIn