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NEXT WEEKEND'S FRAGMENT deals with pathologies when ATP synthase goes wrong, and how cells try and cope without this key protein machine making cellular ATP efficiently. View in LinkedIn

ATP RELEASE. "Thus, the role of the proton gradient is not to form ATP but to release it from the synthase. Three β subunits (of ATP synthase) allow sequential ADP and Pi binding, ATP synthesis, and ATP release," all by changes in the subunit shape of this remarkable molecular motor. https://lnkd.in/eR7JqfY View in LinkedIn

ATP RELEASE. "How does the flow of protons drive the synthesis of ATP? Enzyme-bound ATP forms readily in the absence of a proton-motive force." https://lnkd.in/eR7JqfY View in LinkedIn

PROTON-MOTIVE FORCE. "This causes the rotor part of the enzyme to spin in one direction, while causing the stator, another part of the enzymatic motor, to spin in the opposite direction." https://lnkd.in/etBMPDW View in LinkedIn

"PROTON-MOTIVE FORCE is the energy of the proton concentration gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondrial (animals) or chloroplast (plants) organs where ATP is synthesized. Protons passing through the stalk portion of ATP synthase is coupled to ATP synthesis." https://lnkd.in/etBMPDW View in LinkedIn

PROTON GRADIENT DRIVES ATP SYNTHESIS. "Oxidation and phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient is now supported by a wealth of evidence. Indeed, electron transport does generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane." https://lnkd.in/eR7JqfY View in LinkedIn

FROM SUN ENERGY TO ATP. "All energy on earth originates from the sun. The energy released in photosynthesis and cell respiration initiates a stream of positively charged hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions, in turn, drive the production of ATP with the aid of a membrane-bound enzyme called ATP synthase." https://lnkd.in/e2Q2XzK View in LinkedIn

DARWINIAN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE. "If non-trivial quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement can enhance the efficiency of some biological processes, then one might expect life to have evolved to exploit it." https://lnkd.in/e2T5qPj View in LinkedIn

NANO MOTORS. "Only with nanosized machines can one perform such an operation to minimize irreversible heat within a finite-time. This highlights the remarkable property of nanosized engines." https://lnkd.in/eYcwEF7 View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM BIOLOGY. "There is a huge risk that we may be heading in the wrong direction...But my hunch tells me this is worth it because if we succeed, the payoff will be massive: We will have pioneered a new discipline.” https://lnkd.in/eZRVkpn View in LinkedIn