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HYBRID GENETICS. "Numerous nuclear and mtDNA mutations have been identified in affected patients to cause combined defects as well as isolated disorders of individual oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, including mitochondrial ATP synthase." https://lnkd.in/e9Dm5NA View in LinkedIn

HYBRID GENETICS. "Most of the protein subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are encoded by nuclear genes, while only 13, but essential, subunits are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mitochondrial energy provision thus uniquely depends on two genomes." https://lnkd.in/e9Dm5NA View in LinkedIn

ENGINE OF LIFE AND DEATH MACHINE. "Mitochondrial ATP Synthase: Is the Molecular Engine of Life also an Efficient Death Machine?" https://lnkd.in/eNs9_jp View in LinkedIn

TWO TYPES OF ATP SYNTHASE DEFECTS. "Alteration of ATP synthase biogenesis may cause two types of isolated defects: qualitative when the enzyme is structurally modified and does not function properly, and quantitative when it is present in insufficient amounts. In both cases the cellular energy provision is impaired, and diminished use of mitochondrial ΔμH+ promotes ROS production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain." https://lnkd.in/e9Dm5NA View in LinkedIn

"CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS results from the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and/or the dysfunction of the antioxidant systems. ROS are signaling molecules that can regulate cell death or cell survival. Inhibition of the H+-ATP synthase regulates mitochondrial ROS production." https://lnkd.in/ejS5qyU View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE this weekend continues on my award winning molecule, ATP synthase. Going from molecular design, function and mechanism we scope up this time to look at physiological and pathological manifestations of this beautiful and critically important enzyme complex. View in LinkedIn

CONTINUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING. "The organismic scale of homeostasis can be taken as either a global and interconnected set of reciprocal measurements, or else also as continuous information processing multilevel, in parallel and interactive." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

MEASUREMENT AS INFORMATION EXCHANGE. "Biological systems are internally full of the act of measurement. In fact, at the homeostatic level measurement is the very way in which living and non-living processes take place and interact and enhance each other." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

"MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION has been implicated in the development of a wide spectrum of major human diseases, including diabetes mellitus, heart disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. Several therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial function have been applied in most cases without however the desired outcome." https://lnkd.in/euRS6NV View in LinkedIn

LEVELS OF ORDER. "The living organism is a system of systems. Besides, the structure of a living organism can be said to be fractal." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn