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FRUIT FLY LIMB DEVELOPMENT. "The development of a properly proportioned structure requires the strict regulation of cell numbers, and programmed cell death plays a key role. In the developing wing, a small number of epithelial cells are undergoing apoptosis at any given time during the second and third larval instars and during pupal development. Cell death during this period is seen in isolated single cells or in small clusters of synchronously dying cells." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

HORMONE TRIGGER IN INSECTS. "Programmed cell death in larval tissues appears to be transcriptionally regulated in response to ecdysone levels. In both the larval midgut and the larval salivary gland, ecdysone pulses are followed promptly by the expression of the cell-death genes rpr and hid and the subsequent destruction of these tissues." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

GRIM REAPER. "The development of the Drosophila embryo into an adult fly is a process that integrates cell proliferation and differentiation with programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process that is controlled in the developing fly by the products of the genes reaper, grim, and hid." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1%3C68::AID-DVDY6%3E3.0.CO;2-9/full View in LinkedIn

AUTODIGESTION. "Unlike most other animals, holometabolous insects, such as B. mori, undergo a metamorphosis, which is accompanied by dramatic changes in external and internal features during the transformation of larvae into adults. These changes include the neuronal apoptosis of brains during the transformation of larva to pupa." https://lnkd.in/erwc5rX View in LinkedIn

LARVAL METAMORPHOSIS "is a key innovation in insect development, which involves the stage-specific destruction of a number of tissues at the end of the larval growth and the formation of new adult structures. In this context, the selection of highly regulated mechanisms to control developmentally induced cell death has been a key associated event." https://lnkd.in/ewfHeYN View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL CONSERVATION. "The core apoptotic machinery in fungi is similar to that in mammals, but the apoptotic network is less complex and of more ancient origin. Only some of the mammalian apoptosis-regulating proteins have fungal homologs, and the number of protein families is drastically reduced." https://lnkd.in/enTH_T8 View in LinkedIn

PRECISE CONTROL. "In adult tissues, cell death exactly balances cell division. If this were not so, the tissue would grow or shrink. If part of the liver is removed in an adult rat, for example, liver cell proliferation increases to make up the loss." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

APOPTOSIS SCULPTING. "Mouse paws, for example, are sculpted by cell death during embryonic development: they start out as spadelike structures, and the individual digits separate only as the cells between them die. In other cases, cells die when the structure they form is no longer needed. When a tadpole changes into a frog, the cells in the tail die, and the tail, which is not needed in the frog, disappears." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

MASTER SWITCHES. "It is now clear that the components of the apoptotic machinery are constitutively expressed in virtually all nucleated animal cells and that the activation of this machinery is controlled by a set of intracellular regulatory proteins that transduce signals from both inside and outside the cell." https://lnkd.in/eKW9GDr View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT MOLECULAR MACHINERY. "Cells monitor their environment and continuously make decisions as to whether they should continue living. When faced with a potential apoptotic signal the cell wants to avoid triggering premature or unneeded apoptosis all the while it wants to make sure to initiate apoptosis if the signal is of significant intensity. This is achieved by balancing pro- and anti-apoptotic machineries." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488910002764 View in LinkedIn