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SUPERORGANISM. "On account of a viral linkage to the tree of life, it is maybe more appropriate to regard all microorganisms including viruses as a ‘superorganism’ or part of a global DNA pool, which can in principle be accessed by all species." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

GLOBAL DNA POOL. "In the theory of genetic mosaicism, dsDNA phages have access to the global phage DNA pool by lateral gene transfer. This access is not uniform, e.g. because of host range barriers, thus representing ‘…a sort of random walk through phylogenetic space’." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM LARGELY UNKNOWN. "Although we only know a little about the detailed mechanisms, it seems likely that viruses shape the standing stock and fluxes of genetically encoded information. This should influence the ecology as well as the evolution of species." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION IN EVOLUTION. "During the last sixty years, the concept of information has acquired a strikingly prominent role in many parts of biology. Many biologists think of the developmental processes by which organisms progress from egg to adult in terms of the execution of a “developmental program.” Other biologists have argued for a pivotal role for information in evolution rather than development." https://lnkd.in/espyFHA View in LinkedIn

CROSS-GENUS. "The most surprising results, however, were reported for auxotrophic E. coli cells, to which amino acid prototrophy could be transferred by marine phages at the extremely high rates of up to 2.6 × 10(-3) per virus. Although it is often assumed that phages do not trespass the genus barrier, this concept has been questioned." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

INFORMATIONAL EVOLUTION. "John Maynard Smith and Eors Szathmary (for example) suggest that major transitions in evolution depend on expansions in the amount and accuracy with which information is transmitted across the generations. And some have argued that we can only understand the evolutionary role of genes by recognizing an informational “domain” that exists alongside the domain of matter and energy." https://lnkd.in/espyFHA View in LinkedIn

INTER VS INTRA. "Gene transfer within species should slow down diversification by increasing genetic similarity. This may result in higher standing stocks of (more or less) identical genomes and thus in a higher survival chance depending on the stability of the environment. Gene transfer across species and genus barriers should promote adaptation and increase diversity." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

BIO-INFORMATION. "Some have hailed the employment of informational concepts as a crucial advance. Others have seen almost every biological application of informational concepts as a serious error, one that distorts our understanding and contributes to lingering genetic determinism." https://lnkd.in/espyFHA View in LinkedIn

HGT RATE. "We estimated 10(13) transductants per year in the Mediterranean basin." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x/full View in LinkedIn

NESTED HIERARCHY. "A living system represents a hierarchy of nested structures and consists, at each level of hierarchy, of individuals, subjects (cells, organisms, groups). Every living system is equipped with a fixed number of distinct sensors. The sensors interact with a specific part of the surroundings." Information at all levels is critical to accomplish orderly control. https://lnkd.in/e-VqAeg View in LinkedIn