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PROTEIN EXPRESSION. "Some ERVs are replication competent, but many are replication defective. And yet even such defective ERVs can express proteins. Human ERVs from over 30 lineages constitute perhaps 8%–9% of the human genome." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867409007831 View in LinkedIn

GENERATING NEW INFORMATION. "The mutation rate of HIV...could evolve a 4 bit site in 100 generations, ~9 months, but it could be much faster because the enormous titer [10(10) new virions/day/person] provides a larger pool for successful changes." https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

"BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION, measured in the strict Shannon sense, can rapidly appear in genetic control systems subjected to replication, mutation and selection." https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

HUMAN SPLICE ACCEPTOR SITES. Information in the nucleotide binding sites: "human splice acceptor sites contain ~9.4 bits of information on average." https://lnkd.in/e8egMih View in LinkedIn

SIMULATED EVOLUTION. "The simulation begins with zero information and, as in naturally occurring genetic systems, the information measured in the fully evolved binding sites is close to that needed to locate the sites in the genome. The transition is rapid, demonstrating that information gain can occur by punctuated equilibrium." https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

BIOINFORMATION DEFINED. "50 years ago Claude Shannon defined information as a decrease in the uncertainty of a receiver. For molecular systems, uncertainty is closely related to entropy and hence has clear connections to the Second Law of Thermodynamics." https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

THE BIG QUESTION. "How do genetic systems gain information by evolutionary processes?" https://lnkd.in/eqY6kcy View in LinkedIn

STABLE STRUCTURES. "Chemical structures with particularly high stability, maintained by continual dissipation, are designated, somewhat arbitrarily, as living systems." https://lnkd.in/e-VqAeg View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSONS. "Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences that move from one location on the genome to another. These elements were first identified more than 50 years ago by geneticist Barbara McClintock of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Biologists were initially skeptical of McClintock's discovery." https://lnkd.in/GEpmJN View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURING. "The second law of thermodynamics accounts for irreversible processes in the universe. As a statement about increasing disorder, it also plays a central role in creating order. Structuring is a way to increase the rate of dissipation of matter and energy. This is the reason why chemical reactions on earth have produced a profusion of structures." https://lnkd.in/e-VqAeg View in LinkedIn