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"ALIENS INSIDE HUMAN DNA: HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1 endogenous retroviruses and neurodegeneration. HERV-W/MSRV has been repeatedly found in MS patients (in blood, spinal fluid, and brain samples), and MRSV presence/load strikingly parallels MS stages and active/remission phases, as well as therapy outcome. The DNA of MS patients has increased MSRVenv copies, while syncytin-1 copies are unchanged in controls." https://lnkd.in/eZe8TGB View in LinkedIn

THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN. ERVs have contributed to the evolutionary jump forward of the placenta, among other positive contributions. However, they have also been associated with various pathologies. View in LinkedIn

PREGNANCY COLDS. "Pregnancy increases susceptibility to influenza. The placenta releases an immunosuppressive endogenous retroviral protein syncytin-1. We hypothesised that exposure of peripheral monocytes (PBMCs) to syncytin-1 would impair responses to H1N1pdm09 influenza. Our data indicates that a placental derived protein, syncytin-1 may be responsible for the heightened vulnerability of pregnant women to influenza." https://lnkd.in/eh2HvRt View in LinkedIn

PLACENTAL PATHOLOGIES. "We could show that reduced Syncytin-1 expression in placental syndromes was due to an epigenetic hypermethylation of the entire promoter region of ERVW-1. We propose that a promoter hypermethylation occurs in these pathological placentae due to the fact that DNA-methyltransferases, which are responsible for the setting of these epigenetic marks, are overexpressed." https://lnkd.in/e8X7a46 View in LinkedIn

PROBLEM PREGNANCIES. "Aberrations during this cell-fusion process are associated with Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), Preeclampsia (PE) and High Elevated Liver and Low Platelets (HELLP) Syndrome. Syncytin-1, the envelope gene of the human Endogenous Retrovirus ERVW-1, is one of the most important genes involved in cell-fusion and showed decreased gene expression during these pathological pregnancies." https://lnkd.in/e8X7a46 View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE VIEW. "A virus first perspective is presented as an alternative hypothesis to explain the role of various endogenized retroviruses in the origin of the mammalian placenta." https://lnkd.in/etdQ9rN View in LinkedIn

VIRAL DOMINANCE. "So powerful and ancient are viruses, that I would summarize their role in life as ‘Ex Virus Omnia’ (from virus everything)." https://lnkd.in/etdQ9rN View in LinkedIn

OTHER MEMBRANE FUSION ROLES. "Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2...these ERV proteins, in addition to their localization at the cell surface of cytotrophoblasts, are also incorporated on the surface of various extracellular microvesicles, including exosomes." https://lnkd.in/eNxap6v View in LinkedIn

OTHER MEMBRANE FUSION ROLES. "Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2...these ERV proteins, in addition to their localization at the cell surface of cytotrophoblasts, are also incorporated on the surface of various extracellular microvesicles, including exosomes." https://lnkd.in/eNxap6v View in LinkedIn

MID-GESTATIONAL TRANSITION. "The transition is not simply due to the expansion of an individual cell type, but appears to be a global shift in gene usage in the absence of major morphological change." https://lnkd.in/eN_bZTg View in LinkedIn