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ATP ALARM SIGNAL "ATP itself is a very efficient extracellular distress signal because, with the extracellular level normally very low, even minute leaks can increase the pericellular concentration several fold." https://lnkd.in/eNNPn5D View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS FAVORS HGT. "We present evidence suggesting that dysbiosis fuels horizontal gene transfer between members of this ecosystem" of the highly dense community of the gut microbiota. https://lnkd.in/eSfSRHf View in LinkedIn

EXTRACELLULAR ATP. "It is well known that the extracellular ATP concentration is negligible in healthy tissues (in the low nanomolar range), but it is equally well known that the extracellular ATP levels may rise to the high micromolar level following tissue damage at sites of inflammation or within the tumor microenvironment." https://lnkd.in/eNNPn5D View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS FAVOR PATHOGENS. "Hundreds of bacterial species make up the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Following perturbations by antibiotics, diet, immune deficiency or infection, this ecosystem can shift to a state of dysbiosis. This can involve overgrowth (blooming) of otherwise under-represented or potentially harmful bacteria (for example, pathobionts)." https://lnkd.in/eSfSRHf View in LinkedIn

DEATH CASCADE. "Formation of inflammasomes in response to microbial or danger signals leads to cleavage of procaspase-1 into active caspase-1 enzyme, which further cleaves proforms of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, into their active forms. Inflammasome activation also results in pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death." https://lnkd.in/edtaHiu View in LinkedIn

MAMMALIAN GUT. "Much of the microbiota's genome plasticity is thought to be attributable to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the most effective mechanism of which is conjugation, the exchange of plasmids. Conjugational plasmid transfer is consistently fueling the emergence of hypervirulent or antibiotic-resistant pathogens." https://lnkd.in/ejBu7My View in LinkedIn

"CASPASES are cysteine proteases that initiate or execute cellular programs, leading to inflammation or cell death. They are synthesized as inactive zymogens, and their potent cellular activities are tightly controlled by proteolytic activation. Caspases are categorized as either proinflammatory or proapoptotic, depending upon their participation in these cellular programs." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867410000759 View in LinkedIn

CYTOKINE ACTIVATION. "Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18" via caspase activation from cleavage. https://lnkd.in/eSuQQy4 View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS SIGNALS. "Despite their cytosolic location, they are capable of launching an effective immune response against extracellular, vacuolar, and intracellular bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Inflammasomes also sense crystalline substances such as silica and alum, and endogenous danger signals such as ATP, and mount appropriate immune responses." https://lnkd.in/edtaHiu View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR SIGNATURES. "The inflammasome sensor molecules can detect a broad range of molecular signatures to sense microorganisms and tissue stress. They are best known for triggering a robust inflammatory response via the activation of inflammatory caspases." https://lnkd.in/eSuQQy4 View in LinkedIn