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"HERBAL MEDICINE has been used for thousands of years, however little is known about its molecular mechanism of action. Since the discovery of plant miRNA in human tissue and sera after ingestion, the connection between the two kingdoms is presented under a new perspective." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332215002012 View in LinkedIn

CROSS-KINGDOM. "There has been a report that microRNAs from food may regulate gene expression in mammals. It was shown that miR-168a from rice is transported from the gastrointestinal tract to target organs in mice. Another recent study published by the same group suggests that in influenza-infected mice honeysuckle exhibits its anti-viral potency via microRNA-2911. Yet, a so-called cross-kingdom regulation by microRNAs is still under debate." https://lnkd.in/erkHGt5 View in LinkedIn

BIDIRECTIONAL TRAFFICKING. "Trafficking sRNAs derive from various species, including plants, viruses, and fungi. In most cases, crossover by these RNAs occurs in host-parasites interactions. Unlike miRNAs transferred from plants to mammals, these interactions are not one-sided, but bidirectional." (sRNA = small/microRNA (miRNA)). https://lnkd.in/eqwgs-g View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-INTUITIVE. "Until recently, parallel genotypic adaptation was considered unlikely because phenotypic differences were thought to be controlled by many genes. There is increasing evidence, however, that phenotypic variation sometimes has a simple genetic basis and that parallel adaptation at the genotypic level may be more frequent than previously believed." https://lnkd.in/ewvkDjA View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND MICRO-RNA. "Long-Terminal Repeat (LTR) Retrotransposons Produce Masses of sRNAs That Provide a Large Selective Pool of sRNA Regulators for Pathogenicity." (sRNA = small/microRNA). https://lnkd.in/evpzgrd View in LinkedIn

REPEATED PHENOTYPES. "When two species occupy comparable trophic niches, similar phenotypes can be generated via analogous evolutionary responses. As a consequence, repeated phenotypes have long been treated as evidence for adaptation at the macroevolutionary scale." https://lnkd.in/e9J2Hrx View in LinkedIn

PATHOGEN HIJACKING HOST. "In total, more than 70 Bc-sRNAs have been identified to be potential effectors based on plant expression and target gene prediction in both Arabidopsis and tomato hosts, for which three sRNA effectors have been demonstrated experimentally to silence host plant immunity genes by hijacking host RNAi machinery." (sRNA = small/microRNA). https://lnkd.in/evpzgrd View in LinkedIn

COLLATERAL GENETIC EVOLUTION. "The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often results from similar genetic changes, which can emerge in two ways: the evolution of similar or identical mutations in independent lineages, which is termed parallel evolution; and the evolution in independent lineages of alleles that are shared among populations, which I call collateral genetic evolution." https://lnkd.in/eGUY59p View in LinkedIn

PATHOGEN MICRO-RNA EFFECTORS. "Recent evidence has also demonstrated the important roles of pathogen-derived sRNAs in host–microbe interaction. This is the first report of pathogen sRNAs acting as effectors to inhibit host immunity." https://lnkd.in/evpzgrd View in LinkedIn

CONTINUUM. "We thus argue that the distinction between ‘convergent’ and ‘parallel’ evolution is a false dichotomy, at best representing ends of a continuum. We can simplify our vocabulary; all instances of the independent evolution of a given phenotype can be described with a single term – convergent." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016953470700287X View in LinkedIn