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EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. "At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change. New and ongoing research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders and fatal diseases." https://lnkd.in/eVaRKtt View in LinkedIn

DUAL PROCESSES. "Phenotypic convergence is thought to be driven by parallel substitutions coupled with natural selection at the sequence level." https://lnkd.in/ePaKzzU View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE. "Acting “above and beyond” the normally static genome, hundreds of epigenomes define the unique transcriptional programs of our cells throughout development and aging under the influence of stochastic and environmental factors." https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/2/96.full View in LinkedIn

GENETIC RATIONALE. "Although there are potentially several genomic routes to reach the same phenotypic outcome, it has been suggested that the genomic changes underlying convergent evolution may to some extent be reproducible and that convergent phenotypic traits may commonly arise from the same genetic changes." https://lnkd.in/eBMUXjN View in LinkedIn

FLEXIBLE. "Acting “above and beyond” the normally static genome, hundreds of epigenomes define the unique transcriptional programs of our cells throughout development and aging under the influence of stochastic and environmental factors." https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/2/96.full View in LinkedIn

EVIDENCE. "The most convincing evidence of parallel genotypic adaptation comes from artificial selection experiments involving microbial populations. In some experiments, up to half of the nucleotide substitutions found in independent lineages under uniform selection are the same." https://lnkd.in/ewvkDjA View in LinkedIn

SECOND LEVEL CONTROL. "Epigenetic plasticity enables an organism to respond to developmental and environmental signals without genetic changes." https://lnkd.in/epWXeBZ View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETICS. "The term epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence; a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. This in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state." https://lnkd.in/eVaRKtt View in LinkedIn

NOT GENE MUTATION. "Epigenetics” refers to covalent modification of DNA, protein, or RNA, resulting in changes to the function and/or regulation of these molecules, without altering their primary sequences. In some cases, epigenetic modifications are stable and passed on to future generations, but in other instances they are dynamic and change in response to environmental stimuli." https://lnkd.in/ewQi_y7 View in LinkedIn

Near Galway this weekend. Priceless. View in LinkedIn