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THREE GENE SOURCES IN DIATOMS. "The evolutionary trajectory of diatoms has brought together a highly unorthodox combination of genes derived by endosymbiotic gene transfer from two secondary endosymbionts to the exosymbiont nucleus, as well as by horizontal gene transfer that permitted numerous additional acquisitions from bacteria and Archaea." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/20/jxb.err441.full View in LinkedIn

VIRAL DIVERSITY IN AIDS. "The HIV-1 genome, which is about 10,000 nucleotides long, can exist as 10(6020) different sequences. To put this number in perspective, there are 10(11) stars in the Milky Way galaxy and 10(80) protons in the universe." Not a typo! https://lnkd.in/eBAK-Ad View in LinkedIn

HGT IN DIATOMS. "These genes were not found in any other photosynthetic eukaryotes (other than other heterokonts), and it is believed that they have provided diatoms with increased flexibility in their regulatory and metabolic networks that may have contributed to their evolutionary success." (HGT = Horizontal Gene Transfer). http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/20/jxb.err441.full View in LinkedIn

MUTANT VIRAL SWARMS. "RNA virus populations exist as swarms of mutant genotypes." Extraordinary creatures. https://lnkd.in/e9KGgbm View in LinkedIn

DIATOMS AND HGT. "Besides providing evidence for the ancient secondary endosymbiotic event at the origin of diatoms (and perhaps all chromalveolates), it was found that diatom genomes also contain a large number of genes (587 in P. tricornutum) proposed to be derived from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer." (HGT = Horizontal Gene Transfer). http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/20/jxb.err441.full View in LinkedIn

"THE VIRAL MUTATION RATE is greater than all other organisms. The bigger the genome size, the slower the mutation rate. Their fast and flexible evolution creates viral quasi-species." https://lnkd.in/ehuyZUd View in LinkedIn

"HIGH MUTATION RATES of viruses combined with short generation times and pressures of natural selection allow viruses to quickly adapt to new environments. Add in vigorous horizontal gene transfer between viruses and other species, the genetic options multiply very fast." https://lnkd.in/e_-Sepw View in LinkedIn

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TIDY HYPOTHESIS. "Our study provides direct evidence for a fundamental prediction of the quasispecies theory and establishes a link between mutation rate, population dynamics and pathogenesis." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7074/abs/nature04388.html View in LinkedIn

GENETIC STREAMLINING in large population microorganisms further complicates the need for high mutation rates as a consequence of the selective drive for rapid breeding cycles. http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v8/n8/full/ismej201460a.html View in LinkedIn