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ANSWER: "It's fairly safe to assume that biodiversity can serve as a reliable proxy for protein levels, since abiotic processes that produce proteins are very rare (only happens in submarine hydrothermal vents, if anywhere). If the assumption holds, then the number of proteins has been increasing since the appearance of life 4 - 3.9 billion years ago, experiencing a huge jump 2.3 - 2 Ga with the development of photosynthesis and in the Great Oxidation Event, both of which led directly to an increase in the complexity of life." https://lnkd.in/e25WaJr View in LinkedIn

QUESTION: "How has the total number of proteins on Earth changed over the last few billion years, and how will it change in the future?" https://lnkd.in/e25WaJr View in LinkedIn

TOTAL PROTEINS ON EARTH. "The protein universe, the totality of all proteins in all organisms on earth, is vast. Taking the estimated 13.6 million species of living organisms on Earth, which is very likely to be an underestimate, into account, there are >10(10) to 10(12) different proteins in all organisms from the three domains of life (Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea) on Earth. However, this vast number of proteins are predicted to consist of only ≈10(5) sequence domain families, the members of each family having similar amino acid sequences." https://lnkd.in/eNZCgi2 View in LinkedIn

RUBISCO CONTENDER. "The Rubisco protein...is responsible for atmospheric carbon fixation, literally building the biosphere out of thin air. This molecule, one of the most abundant proteins on Earth, is responsible for extracting about a hundred Gigatons of carbon from the atmosphere each year. This is ≈10 times more than all the carbon dioxide emissions made by humanity from car tailpipes, jet engines, power plants and all of our other fossil-fuel-driven technologies." http://book.bionumbers.org/how-big-is-the-average-protein/ View in LinkedIn

COLLAGEN CONTENDER. "These numbers point out that collagen should displace Rubisco as the titleholder for the most abundant protein on earth." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT E. COLI PROTEINS. "Looking at a comparative functional view of protein abundance across several cell types the proteins of glycolysis are the dominant fraction in the budding yeast (about a quarter of the proteome in rich medium). Structural proteins can also be highly abundant. FimA is the major subunit of the 100-300 fimbria (pili) of E. coli used by sessile bacteria in the transition to stationary phase." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn

FRONT-RUNNER. "The most abundant protein found in this particular survey of E. coli is RplL, a ribosomal protein (estimated at ≈110,000 copies per cell, which exists in 4 copies per ribosome in contrast to other ribosomal proteins which have one copy per ribosome) and TufB (the elongation factor also known as EF-TU, estimated at ≈90,000 copies per cell). The next most abundant reported proteins are a component of the chaperone system Gro-EL-Gro-ES necessary for proper folding of many proteins and GapA, a key enzyme in glycolysis." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn

MOST ABUNDANT. "Another contender for the title of most abundant protein is ACP, the Acyl carrier protein, which plays an important role in fatty acid biosynthesis. This protein carries fatty acid chains as the chains are elongated. It is claimed to be the most abundant protein in E. coli, with about 60,000 molecules per cell. In a recent high throughput mass spectrometry measurement on minimal medium, a value of ≈80,000 was reported making it the third most abundant protein reported." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN BEAUTY PARADE. "The picture emerging from these kinds of experiments shows several prominent players. Not surprisingly, ribosomal proteins and their ancillary components are highly abundant. The elongation factor EF-TU, responsible for mediating the entrance of the tRNA to the free site of the ribosome, was characterized as the most abundant protein in the original 1978 catalog with a copy number of ≈60,000 proteins per bacterial genome." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn

"PROTEOMAPS, a hierarchical presentation of the composition of a proteome using Voronoi treemaps. Each protein is associated with a polygon whose size is proportional to the abundance of that protein, thereby emphasizing highly expressed proteins. Functionally related proteins are placed in common subregions to show the functional makeup of a proteome at a glance." https://lnkd.in/e9f92vG View in LinkedIn