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PLANETARY TOTAL. "For comparison with our calculation, Mandecki (1998) gave a limit of 10(50) protein sequences since the origin of life... (In contrast) we arrive at a figure of 4×10(21) different protein sequences tested since the origin of life." https://lnkd.in/eyPrQUq View in LinkedIn

RANDOM MUTATIONS, or more recently, horizontal gene transfer, have been widely considered to be the primary driver of genetic diversity, and with that diversity, a richer toolbox for selective evolutionary pressures to squeeze out newly adapted genomes and creatures from the edges of their Bell Curves. View in LinkedIn

2ND ASSUMPTION. "The contribution to this number of sequences by viral and eukaryotic genomes is difficult to estimate but it is very unlikely to be orders of magnitude greater than the 4×10(43) sequences from bacteria. If their contribution is similar or smaller, then it can be ignored in our rough calculation." https://lnkd.in/eyPrQUq View in LinkedIn

TRADE-OFF. "The majority of the new viral mutations are deleterious to the virus from a natural selection perspective. Was the high mutation rate of viruses a trade off for selection for faster replication rates?" Faster replication rates afforded the ability to evolve more rapidly and adapt to new niches faster. https://lnkd.in/e9KGgbm View in LinkedIn

2ND ASSUMPTION. "Let us assume that every single gene in this total of 10(34) is unique and that evolution has been working on these genes for 4 Gyr completely changing each gene to some other unique, new gene every single year. This gives an extreme upper limit of 4×10(43) different amino acid sequences explored since the origin of life." https://lnkd.in/eyPrQUq View in LinkedIn

PROOFREADING AND MUTATION. "DNA viruses retain their proofreading function and have a lower mutation rate than RNA viruses, even though they share a generally similar lifestyle." https://lnkd.in/e9KGgbm View in LinkedIn

GENOME EDITING. "Phylogenetic analyses as well as GenBank database comparisons show that most natural genome-editing competences are not of cellular origin but represent original skills of viruses." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

RX TARGETS. "Because DNA polymerases can help cancer cells tolerate DNA damage, some of these enzymes may be viable targets for therapeutic strategies." https://lnkd.in/e_FVkkp View in LinkedIn

MUTATIONS AND CANCER. "Many point mutations that occur in cancer cells arise from the error-generating activities of DNA polymerases. However, the ability of some of these enzymes to bypass DNA damage may actually defend against chromosome instability in cells and at least one DNA polymerase, POLζ, is a suppressor of spontaneous tumorigenesis." https://lnkd.in/e_FVkkp View in LinkedIn

CO-OPTED VIRAL MACHINERY. "Also well documented is the co-opted function of a great variety of former retroviral parts such as env, gag, pol, that now play important roles in gene regulation of host organisms. These ‘defectives' that now function as effective regulatory elements share similar features as their viral relatives and in most cases act as ribozymatic structures or in ribozyme-like functions." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn