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VIRAL ORIGINS. "Most of the functions of gene control that we currently know descended from retro-elements." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

REGULATORS AND DISEASE. "Micro-RNAs are acknowledged as key regulators of gene expression. This means that dysfunctions of these regulatory mechanisms may lead to dysregulated genes with a cascade of disease-causing consequences." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY FORMS. "Some of the discovered tasks of these micro-RNAs are co-suppression, suppression of transposition, position effect variegation, start-stop signals, RNA interference, imprinting, chromosomal methylation, transvection, transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing along with numerous other RNA-DNA, RNA-RNA (trans-acting RNAs), RNA-protein interactions." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

EXPRESSION BUFFERS. "Such findings support their role as gene expression buffers in lieu of direct effectors and highlight the challenges and controversy associated with the study of microRNAs." https://lnkd.in/efHkz7K View in LinkedIn

KNOCKOUT NULLS. "Dramatic changes in microRNA levels are typically required to produce a phenotype, and a phenotype is not guaranteed. Even the majority of microRNA knockout models demonstrate a lack of phenotype, except under stressful conditions. This implies that while their loss is generally tolerated under homeostatic conditions, extreme conditions can result in a sufficient breakdown in gene expression control to produce phenotypes." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.1922/full View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs FINE TUNE. "Instead, these small single-stranded RNA molecules serve to fine-tune gene expression overall, by modestly modulating the expression of entire sets of genes, thus essentially serving as gene expression buffers." https://lnkd.in/efHkz7K View in LinkedIn

NOT MASTER REGULATORS. "One of the most confusing aspects of microRNA biology is the notion that microRNAs are actually poor direct manipulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs do not serve as simple on-and-off switches for the expression of single genes—they are not master regulators in most cases." https://lnkd.in/efHkz7K View in LinkedIn

PLETHORA OF REGULATORS. "Active micro-RNAs control and integrate large-scale structures of the chromosome. The number of different micro-RNAs is estimated to exceed several 10,000. These active RNAs are as competent as proteins in catalysing, signalling and switching (riboswitch)." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

DEEPLY CONSERVED INTRONS. "Comparative genetics has demonstrated that introns are strongly conserved over long evolutionary distances, often in large blocks, i.e. they are functionally related. This conservation is much more conservative than that of the protein-coding DNA." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

INITIATED BY DARWIN. "In his book entitled The Power of Movement in Plants, Darwin (1880) described many examples of “sleep movements of leaves” and provided a “List of Genera, including species the leaves of which sleep”. Among these, he noted that the legume family “includes many more genera with sleeping species than all the other families put together.” He also described a specialized organ, called a joint, cushion, or pulvinus responsible for such movement. https://lnkd.in/eE__XBs View in LinkedIn