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HISTORICAL DEFICIENCY. "MicroRNAs were likely implemented throughout evolution due to inherent deficiencies in gene expression regulation. Such inadequacies could have otherwise hindered the emergence of complex organisms referring to the evolution of vertebrates and mammals in particular." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.1922/full View in LinkedIn

NATURAL WASTE. "It may seem strange that plants and animals have evolved such an elaborate system to prevent the use of certain mRNAs. The notion that perfectly good nucleic acids are degraded after they are transcribed seems even wasteful at times." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/stem.1922/full View in LinkedIn

NARROW CYCLE WINDOWS. "Endogenous retroviral competences in the persistent status are often characterized by features expressed only in the strict time window of a developmental process, such as axis formation, trophectoplast formation, or the S phase of the cell cycle." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

"THE PERSISTENT LIFESTYLE allows the virus to transmit complex viral phenotypes to the host organism. This process, which changes both the genetic identity of the host and the identity of its persistent settler, enables the host to broaden its evolutionary adaptational potential and may promote the formation of new species." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

MORE ANCIENT. "Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses do not support the former concept of RNA- and DNA-viruses descending from cellular life. These analyses also show that DNA and RNA viruses most probably did not have a common ancestor but evolved independently. Viruses probably have to be placed at the very beginning of life, long before cellular life evolved." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

VIRUS-FIRST VIEW. "For decades it has been assumed that viruses escaped from cellular organisms representing genetic parasites. There are several good arguments why viruses evolved before cellular agents." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS. "Genetic parasites, parasite replicators, mobile genetic elements, introns, viruses, and several other entities that are involved in competent genetic content arrangements and natural genome editing are known today. Where, how and when did they evolve?" https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend fragment from nature on flower opening and closing. Flowering plants have the most diverse, curious, imaginative and wonderful sexual organs of all species on earth. The numerous advantages of sexual reproduction include purging poorly adapted genes, and these plants have expanded from purely clonal vegetative reproduction to become dominant species on planet earth. View in LinkedIn

WEATHER INFLUENCED. "Silene saxifraga flowers close during the day and open during the night for about 5 d. The petals roll up during the day. The inrolling (closing) movement was due to net water loss. Outrolling (opening) was apparently due to refilling of the cells with water. The flowers remain open longer on dry days if the soil is wet, and do not close at all on wet days." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/389/1801.full View in LinkedIn

CELLULAR SUICIDE SCULPTING. "In Ipomoea (syn. Pharbitis), flower opening and closure are due to movements of the midrib rather than the petal lamina. Differences in cell expansion on both sides drive the movements. The difference in cell expansion was due, in part, to turgor loss in a group of inner epidermal cells of the midrib. For 2 d prior to anthesis, the ultrastructure of these cells underwent rapid changes that are indicative of cell death. Other cells of the rib did not show these changes." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/389/1801.full View in LinkedIn