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DIVISION OF LABOR. "In the human genome, only 3% of coding regions remain. The remaining 97% serve as a habitat for persistent viral operators that orchestrate a highly sophisticated division of labor. From these regions they can actively regulate coding sequences because they are able to change specific DNA content throughout the genome." https://lnkd.in/euyhznh View in LinkedIn

PIGMENT BLOCKERS. "Non-photosynthetic pigments within cells, such as anthocyanins and avonoids, can also reduce the amount of light available to photosynthesis. In addition to adjustments in the quantity of absorbed light, plants can also alleviate the problem by regulating the fraction of absorbed excitation energy that is thermally dissipated, via the xanthophyll-cycle reactions and the protonation/de-protonation of specific pigment-binding proteins." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

WAX SEASONALITY AND AGING. "The optical properties of epicuticular waxes undergo a complex temporal pattern during the lifespan of the needle. We found a seasonal pattern of variation superimposed on that of the natural effect of wax weathering with age, which has important implications." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

MORE BARRIER METHODS. "Plants can also adjust light absorption by modulating leaf reflectance properties. Salt deposits and trichomes (hairs) found on the leaf surface of many plants have been shown to increase the fraction of reflected light." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

PHYSICAL BARRIER TO LIGHT. "Epicuticular waxes influences leaf reflectance. We analysed the seasonal changes in wax reflectance of Scots pine needles. It tended to decrease with needle age and towards lower positions within the canopy. In addition, we also identified clear seasonal pattern of variation superimposed on the of above-mentioned wax weathering effect." https://lnkd.in/eYuQ_dT View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST REDUCTIONS. "Membrane systems of chloroplasts featuring single thylakoids (stromal lamellae) and only small grana stacks have been proposed to serve to limit the quantity of solar radiation reaching photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and to provide adaptation to high level of insolation...in plants of Pamir growing under high light conditions and low temperatures, chloroplasts contain mainly single thylakoids and small grana consisting of 2–4 thylakoids." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST FLEXIBILITY. "The plants of the Pamir and Arctic regions demonstrate a reduction in size and quantity of chloroplasts in response to low temperatures and high level of solar radiation. The high flexibility of chloroplast membrane structure plays an important role in resistance and functional activity of the photosynthesis apparatus." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

NEEDLE CHLOROPLAST CHANGES. "The fastest and most substantial changes in needle cells take place in the chloroplasts. In mild climatic zones, the most substantial rearrangements in structural organization of chloroplast membranes are observed during the transition to the autumn/winter period and are presumably associated with protection from damage and with the beginning of the dormant stage." https://lnkd.in/etsa67h View in LinkedIn

PINE AGE VS ENVIRONMENT. "Major components of their metabolite profiles were strongly affected by inherent acclimation to winter (notably sucrose and pinitol) and needle age (e.g. betaine and methionine). In contrast, gene expression profiles were mainly dependent on environmental variables (notably the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and winter acclimation being positively and negatively correlated with temperature, respectively)." https://lnkd.in/evt9GfD View in LinkedIn

BROAD ROLES. "Increasing knowledge about the abundance of different but compatible RNAs, most if not all of them in coacting processes via cooperation and suppression as well as amplification." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn