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VIRAL COMMUNITIES. "But membership is also dynamic, since the collective changes. This means a fittest type individual becomes a nonmember if it fails to keep up with membership changes (ie, does not participate in shared common experience by learning). The concept of virus involves the concept of transmission." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

REBUTTAL #1: "Context-dependent epigenetic markers control the activity of genes. These markers are not inscribed in the genome but are the result of internal processes, environmental factors and developmental history." https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

SAME PATTERNS. "Randomized sequences appear almost identical to natural sequences in the composition of each structural component; furthermore, they show the same patterns of variation, even though these randomized sequences are not evolved and do not have biological functions." (Ribosomal RNA). https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

GENES ARE NOT EVERYTHING. "Machines, no matter how complex and sophisticated, are inevitably the result of machine-building competences of human engineers, but an organism is not the mere result of a blueprint represented by its genes." Three key rebuttals follow. https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

RIBOSOMAL RNA. "There are striking similarities in the composition of the different structural categories across both ribosomal subunits and the three domains of life, despite much evolutionary divergence." https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

LINGUISTIC FLAW. "The crucial difference between a Turing and von Neumann machine and biological cell-based organisms is that the formal language needed to operate machines is not compatible with the natural languages of genetic codes and signalling networks." https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

SURPRISE FINDING. "The three domains of life diverged billions of years ago and, although the rRNA molecule is conserved for function in the different domains, the nonfunctional parts presumably varied independently in each lineage. Since there is no known sequence homology between the two ribosomal subunits, these subunits have no apparent shared ancestry. It is therefore surprising to see the same patterns of variation across all domains and both subunits." https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE IS NOT REDUCTIONISTIC. "In our opinion, such a mechanistic, bottom-up doctrine does not explain the true living nature of organisms as it ignores the top-down, context-dependent and agent-based aspects of living nature." https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

CODE SCRIPT. "Physicist Erwin Schrödinger confused the program and the constructor in his 1944 book What is Life?, in which he saw chromosomes as “architect's plan and builder's craft in one”. This is wrong. The code script contains only a description of the executive function, not the function itself.” [Brenner, 2012]." https://lnkd.in/eixDbva View in LinkedIn

"A TURING MACHINE is a hypothetical machine thought of by the mathematician Alan Turing in 1936. Despite its simplicity, the machine can simulate ANY computer algorithm, no matter how complicated it is! It consists of an infinitely-long tape which acts like the memory in a typical computer, or any other form of data storage." https://lnkd.in/enMamia View in LinkedIn