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BACTERIA AND MENTAL HEALTH. "Gut bacteria produce hundreds of neurotransmitters, which are used by the body to regulate learning, memory and mood. In addition, gut bacteria are also known to produce up to 95% of the body's supply of serotonin, which is a contributor to feelings of wellbeing and happiness. The evidence suggests that an increased understanding of gut microbiota may produce novel treatments for anxiety and depression." https://lnkd.in/eas2ze6 View in LinkedIn

GUT BACTERIA INFLUENCE MOOD. "Gut bacteria appear to influence our mood and temperament. They manufacture neurotransmitters like serotonin, for example. If you transplant the gut microbiota of relaxed and adventurous mice into the guts of timid and anxious mice they become less stressed and more adventurous." https://lnkd.in/e4dhuSD View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section showing in the last two weekends how parasites can influence the behavior of its host to the point of suicide; so it should come of little surprise that our resident commensalism symbiotic microbes living in our gut, which form our "second brain" can also have profound influences in our mood, mental health and physical health. We are entering a new phase of medicine: collaboration rather than adversity with nature. View in LinkedIn

ALTERED NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN HOSTS. "Locomotion in invertebrates also involves the action of several monoamine molecules, including dopamine, serotonin and octopamine that may act as neurotransmitters or neurohormones. In several cases of behavioural manipulation, neurotransmitter levels were found to be altered" by parasites of the invertebrates. https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

HACKING THE MICROBIOME. "And now evidence is emerging that these tiny organisms may also have a profound impact on the brain too. They are a living augmentation of your body – and like any enhancement, this means they could, in principle, be upgraded. So, could you hack your microbiome to make yourself healthier, happier, and smarter too?" https://lnkd.in/eq7NBt2 View in LinkedIn

MICROBIAL-GUT-BRAIN AXIS. "Accumulating data now indicate that the gut microbiota also communicates with the CNS — possibly through neural, endocrine and immune pathways — and thereby influences brain function and behaviour." https://lnkd.in/eNvNkA9 View in LinkedIn

FECAL TRANSPLANT THERAPY (available now as a pill). "Founded in 2012 by a team of microbiologists, clinicians, and public health advocates from Harvard and MIT, OpenBiome has since provided over 7000 treatments to more than 450 clinical partners across six countries, and has supported 10 clinical and translational research studies." https://lnkd.in/ecDqTkN View in LinkedIn

PROBIOTICS AND EMOTION. "A recent study in healthy women demonstrated that a four-week intake of a fermented milk product with probiotic affected activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation, which is the first study showing a clear effect of manipulation of gut microbiota composition on brain function in humans." https://lnkd.in/eVmBTKH View in LinkedIn

INTRON REMOVAL. Genetic "information is transcribed from DNA into a messenger RNA (mRNA) template by a process called transcription. However, in eukaryotes, before the mRNA can be translated into proteins, non-coding portions of the sequence, called introns, must be removed and protein-coding parts, called exons, joined by RNA splicing to produce a mature mRNA." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

INTRONS HOUSE MOBILE ELEMENTS. "About 40% of the human genome is comprised of intronic regions; however, this figure is likely an overestimate as it includes all annotated events. It is also important to note that a large fraction of TEs and repetitive elements are found in introns." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn