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DOWNSIZING. "Ancient WGDs in diploid lineages have undergone a fractionation of the polyploid genome, during which chromosomal rearrangements, gene conversions, heightened transposon activity, and epigenetic changes left behind a reduced set of duplicate gene pairs." (WGD = whole genome duplication). https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

GENERATING GENETIC NOVELTY. "Gene duplication functions as the primary driver of evolutionary novelty within higher eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

DECOUPLED SELECTION. "In addition, holometaboly is hypothesised to have led to increased evolvability (e.g. an increased capacity for adaptive evolution, due to an expansion of baseline phenotypic variation upon which selection can act), and a concomitant decoupling of selective pressures across different life cycle stages." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

FAVORED GENES. "We hypothesize that duplicate gene preservation in Populus is driven by a combination of subfunctionalization of duplicate pairs and purifying selection favoring retention of genes encoding proteins with large numbers of interactions." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

MODULAR LIFE STYLE. "Thus, the compartmentalized or ‘modular’ nature of holometabolous life cycles is thought to have enabled insects to optimize life-history components, such as growth and reproduction, through temporal partitioning." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

RANDOM VS NON-RANDOM. "The shape of the distribution of expression divergence for duplicated pairs suggests that nearly half of the whole genome duplicates have diverged in expression by a random degeneration process. The remaining pairs have more conserved gene expression than expected by chance, consistent with a role for selection under the constraints of gene balance." (In populus trees). https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

ADVANTAGE OF COMPLEX LIFE STYLE. "This increase in life cycle complexity is thought to be adaptive for two reasons: (i) it facilitates stage-specific resource utilisation and structural specialisation, such as adaptation of different sets of mouthparts for alternative food sources; and (ii) it encourages population growth by reducing intraspecific competition between stages." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

GENE ENRICHMENT IN DUPLICATION. "Disease resistance genes and receptor-like kinases commonly occur in tandem but are significantly under-retained following whole genome duplication, while whole genome duplicate pairs are enriched for members of signal transduction cascades and transcription factors." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

FATE OF GENES. "Seminal theory concerning the fates of duplicate genes predicted that the duplicate copy would be shielded from purifying selection by the ancestral copy, thus promoting pseudogenization in the absence of positive selection for a rare acquired function." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATION. "Notably, the processes of subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization may not be mutually exclusive. Indeed, the degenerative processes leading to subfunctionalization may act upon silencer elements and thereby promote neofunctionalization." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn