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FATE OF GENES. "Seminal theory concerning the fates of duplicate genes predicted that the duplicate copy would be shielded from purifying selection by the ancestral copy, thus promoting pseudogenization in the absence of positive selection for a rare acquired function." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATION. "Notably, the processes of subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization may not be mutually exclusive. Indeed, the degenerative processes leading to subfunctionalization may act upon silencer elements and thereby promote neofunctionalization." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

GENE FATES AFTER DUPLICATION. "Following duplication, each gene within a paralogous pair may evolve in several ways. For example, it may retain the same set of functions as the ancestral copy, retain only a subset of the original set of functions (subfunctionalization), obtain a new function (neofunctionalization), or degrade into a nonfunctional gene (nonfunctionalization)." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

ENLARGED GENE FAMILIES. "Clusters of duplicated genes have also formed through tandem duplication (TD) processes, which have greatly expanded some gene families, such as the Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) subset of plant resistance genes. Unequal recombination is thought to be the primary mechanism driving the expansion of these gene clusters." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend on butterfly metamorphosis. What a complicated adaptation to put yourself through, where you basically liquefy your first body and completely reform it into a new one, all the while staying alive and not turning into a pot of cooling stew. Still to this day, despite all the scanning technology, the process is largely inscrutable. View in LinkedIn

MONARCH BUTTERFLY scanned during metamorphosis (page 30-39). https://lnkd.in/ev8dK-4 View in LinkedIn

"TIME-LAPSE three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis." Stunning study of metamorphosis of the Painted Lady butterfly. Overcoming prior technical challenges. https://lnkd.in/eTSQd9X View in LinkedIn

EMERGING MONARCH. "After 8 to 14 days, the caterpillar emerges from the chrysalis in as rapidly as from 15 to 30 seconds. It extends its wings by pumping fluid from its abdomen into the wing veins, and is ready to fly in about 15 minutes. Once the wings dry, which takes approximately 2 hours, the butterfly is full grown, having been transformed into an entirely different creature from the caterpillar." https://www.icr.org/article/366/208 View in LinkedIn

ACCUMULATION OF MUTATIONS. "Given the overall low figures for multicellular organisms in general, we would expect that natural selection would be powerless to stop the accumulation of certain genomic alterations over the entirety of metazoan evolution. One type of mutation that fits this description is intergenic insertions, be they transposable elements, pseudogenes, or random sequence." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

DUPLICATED HEMOGLOBIN GENES. "Gene Duplication and Evolutionary Innovations in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Transport. During vertebrate evolution, duplicated hemoglobin (Hb) genes diverged with respect to functional properties as well as the developmental timing of expression." https://lnkd.in/exfGXzx View in LinkedIn