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TWO SPACES. "It is likely that the proliferation of trans-splicing triggered the spatial segregation of RNA processing (the nucleoplasm) from the translation machinery (the cytoplasm). This subdivision ensured that mRNAs were properly spliced before they encountered the translation machinery." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

"MANY OPERONS contain genes whose products are known to function together. This presumably provides co-regulation of these proteins by producing a single RNA that encodes both." (An operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter). https://lnkd.in/eAE72Gm View in LinkedIn

"TRANS-SPLICING is a special form of RNA processing in eukaryotes where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are joined end to end and ligated. Whereas "normal" (cis-)splicing processes a single molecule, trans-splicing generates a single RNA transcript from multiple separate pre-mRNAs." https://lnkd.in/ewCxG2B View in LinkedIn

OVERSHADOWED. "We established knockouts of the silkworm, a classic model insect, and show that embryogenesis and maintenance of juvenile status during the early larval stages are largely independent of JHs or the JH-signaling pathway. Our results also suggest that an unidentified factor or signal is required to acquire the competence for metamorphosis. The presence of this factor has long been overlooked because JHs may conceal its action." (JH = juvenile hormones). https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn

ACTIVE AND INACTIVE DNA PARASITES. "It is likely that Group II introns proliferated and evolved into two populations: inactivated copies that could be nonetheless spliced out in trans, and active fragments that promoted splicing of the former group." (Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

HORMONAL TRIGGERS. "The hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) are responsible for regulating metamorphosis in insects. In holometabolous insects, a small increase in the expression of 20E in the absence of JH during the final larval instar induces pupal commitment, leading to epidermal expression of the transcription factor broad (br). Broad regulates various metamorphosis-specific target genes and is essential for successful larval to pupal transition in insects with complete metamorphosis." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/een.12313/full View in LinkedIn

PARASITES EDITING. "Importantly, functional fragments of Group II introns can splice out inactive versions in a trans-splicing reaction." (Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments). https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

PREVAILING DOGMA. "The long-held paradigm in insect endocrinology is that juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent metamorphosis until larvae attain an appropriate size for the juvenile–adult transition. However, little is known about the roles for JHs during embryonic and very early larval stages." https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn

BY MEANS OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS, "Group II introns, which are still found in both mitochondria and α-proteobacteria, invaded the host genome. Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments that replicate when they are transcribed, typically as part of a larger transcript." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION. "Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent precocious metamorphosis and allow larvae to undergo multiple rounds of status quo molts." https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn