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THE SEEMINGLY SIMPLE ACT of walking has been very hard for robotic scientists to either comprehend or to mimic. It has generated some seriously heavy mathematical models. https://lnkd.in/etRHUtn View in LinkedIn

"UPRIGHT POSTURE developed across the entire skeletal-muscular system, and included considerable behavioral adaptations, with enormous consequences for Homo Sapiens." https://lnkd.in/ecBfjwe View in LinkedIn

NOT ELEGANTLY SIMPLE. "The foot is a complex mechanical structure. It consists of 26 bones (not including the sesamoid and accessory bones), over 30 joints, about 100 ligaments and additional elements (fascia, skin, fat pads). Thirty one muscles are active in the foot, of which 12 are extrinsic and 19 intrinsic." A structure built by a committee. https://lnkd.in/e3bN-6u View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 2. "Cancer cells may escape growth control, but have no independent future as protists." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

FIGURES 2-3 and 5-6 shows a nice evolutionary series of the foot metatarsal, cuboid, calcanei and tali bones in closely related species. Worth a look. https://lnkd.in/eC74CRQ View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 1. "Mitochondria cannot resume independent existence because most of their genes have been transferred to the nucleus." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

FIGURE 12-14 show a lovely sequential evolution of tarsus foot bones. Beautiful depiction of a gnarly and complex structure as they were adapted for the human foot from pre-existing species. https://lnkd.in/eSbfe-f View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "Hermaphrodites are replaced by separate sexes: the most convincing explanation for why some organisms are hermaphrodite and some dioecious is in terms of an advantage of a division of labour." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In sexual populations isogamy has repeatedly evolved to anisogamy, with differentiated sperm and ova." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In prokaryotes there is a single cell compartment, whereas in eukaryotes the genetic nucleus and metabolic cytoplasm are separated, and additional organelles have evolved, some recruited symbiotically." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn