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CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 3. "Worker bees may lay male eggs, but cannot establish a new colony on their own." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

POWER OF GRAMMAR. "The emergence of human language with a universal grammar and unlimited semantic representation. Grammar enables a speaker with a finite vocabulary to convey an indefinitely large number of meanings, just as the genetic code enables DNA to specify an indefinitely large number of proteins." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONDITIONS FOR COOPERATION. "If cooperation is to evolve, non-additive or synergistic, fitness interactions are needed...but the dangers of intragenomic conflict remain: both relatedness and synergistic fitness interactions are likely to be needed." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "Hermaphrodites are replaced by separate sexes: the most convincing explanation for why some organisms are hermaphrodite and some dioecious is in terms of an advantage of a division of labour." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In sexual populations isogamy has repeatedly evolved to anisogamy, with differentiated sperm and ova." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In prokaryotes there is a single cell compartment, whereas in eukaryotes the genetic nucleus and metabolic cytoplasm are separated, and additional organelles have evolved, some recruited symbiotically." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

THE DIVISION OF LABOUR EXAMPLES. "In the RNA world, RNA served as both genetic material and catalyst: today, DNA is the genetic material, and most enzymes are proteins." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

DISTINCTION. "Such a transition may be akin to more traditional physical transitions (e.g. thermodynamic phase transitions), with the crucial distinction that determining which phase (non-life or life) a given system is in requires dynamical information and therefore can only be inferred by identifying causal architecture." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

PHYSICAL TRANSITION. "Here, we propose that the emergence of life may correspond to a physical transition associated with a shift in the causal structure, where information gains direct and context-dependent causal efficacy over the matter in which it is instantiated." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

SUBTLE CHANGES. "The human foot is manifestly different from that of other primates but apart from simple overt differences, such as the lack of divergence of the hallux its distinctions are subtle and have proved difficult to pinpoint." https://lnkd.in/eC74CRQ View in LinkedIn