Year: 2022

COOPERATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY. "A behaviour is cooperative if it provides a benefit to another individual and if it has evolved at least partially because of this benefit. Such behaviours pose a problem to evolutionary theory because — all else being equal — they would reduce the relative fitness of the performer of that behaviour and hence be selected against." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

SELFISH CHEATERS. "In the absence of one of the mechanisms discussed in this review, natural selection favours selfish individuals who do not cooperate. Consider a population of cooperators (‘C’) in which an uncooperative, selfish cheater (‘S’) arises through mutation or migration." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

CHEATER FITNESS. "In a mixed population, the selfish cheater benefits from the cooperative behaviour of the cooperators, without paying the cost. Consequently, the selfish cheater has a higher fitness than the cooperators and spreads through the population, despite the fact that this leads to a decline in mean fitness." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATION IS CRITICAL. "The very existence of multicellular organisms relies upon cooperation between the eukaryotic cells that make them up." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

"THE MITOCHONDRIA upon which these eukaryotic cells rely were once free-living prokaryotic cells but now live cooperative lives." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

"SEPARATE GENES, which make up the genome, cooperate in what has been termed the ‘parliament of the genes’." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

COOPERATIVE BACTERIA. "The tree of life is dominated by single-celled microorganisms that appear to perform a huge range of cooperative behaviours. For example, the growth and survival of bacteria depend upon excreted products that perform a variety of functions, such as scavenging nutrients, communication, defence and movement." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONS REQUIRED COOPERATION. "Almost all of the major evolutionary transitions from replicating molecules to complex animal societies have relied upon solving the problem of cooperation being solved." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

INTERACTING MECHANISMS. "Although we have emphasised how the mechanisms favouring cooperation can be divided up, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and there is considerable scope for interactions between them." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

ENFORCING COOPERATION. "If the rhizobia in a root nodule do not provide nitrogen to their leguminous host plant, the plant reduces the growth rate of the bacteria by decreasing oxygen supply. In this case, each rhizobium cell is selected to fix nitrogen to avoid both itself and its relatives within the nodule being sanctioned." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn