Year: 2022

IMPATIENCE WITH AMBIGUITY. "The claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa (e.g., There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore UFOs exist - and there is intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe ... This (is) impatience with ambiguity." (Carl Sagan). http://www.science20.com/archyfantasies/blog/absence_evidence View in LinkedIn

INFORMAL FALLACY. "Typically, informal fallacies occur in non-deductive reasoning, which relies on content as well as form for cogency. Also, because content is important in informal fallacies, there are cogent arguments with the form of the fallacy." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/inforfal.html View in LinkedIn

STRAW MAN ARGUMENT. "In a straw man argument, the arguer misrepresents the argument of another participant in the dialogue. Thus, straw man arguments can only occur within the context of such a debate." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/inforfal.html View in LinkedIn

CIRCULAR ARGUMENT, or begging the question. "Circular arguments are technically valid―that is, if their premisses are true then their conclusions must also be true. However, as should be obvious, circular reasoning cannot advance knowledge, since it ends up in the same place it started." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/begquest.html View in LinkedIn

RED HERRING FALLACY or "ignorance of refutation" ... a "red herring" argument is one which distracts the audience from the issue in question through the introduction of some irrelevancy. This frequently occurs during debates when there is an at least implicit topic, yet it is easy to lose track of it." http://lnkd.in/dkHCPaU View in LinkedIn

BLACK OR WHITE FALLACY. "Fatalism is not the alternative to superstition; it is an alternative. " http://www.fallacyfiles.org/eitheror.html View in LinkedIn

NON CAUSA PRO CAUSA. "Inferring that something is the cause of something else when it isn't." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/noncause.html View in LinkedIn

CARD STACKING. "A one-sided case presents only evidence favoring its conclusion, and ignores or downplays the evidence against it." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/inforfal.html View in LinkedIn

SPECIAL PLEADING. "People often attempt to apply a "double standard", which makes an exception to the rule for themselves—or people like them—but applies it to others." http://lnkd.in/d_pzVEd View in LinkedIn

WEAK ANALOGY. "Analogies are neither true nor false, instead they come in degrees from near identity to extreme dissimilarity." Example: "Banning automobiles would be economically and socially disruptive in a way that banning a single pesticide would not." http://www.fallacyfiles.org/wanalogy.html View in LinkedIn